PRELIMINARY
Spread Spectrum FTG for 440BX and VIA Apollo Pro-133
W216
Cypress Semiconductor Corporation
3901 North First Street
San Jose
CA 95134
408-943-2600
October 27, 1999, rev. **
Features
Maximized EMI Suppression using Cypress's Spread
Spectrum Technology
Single chip system FTG for Intel
440BX AGPset and
VIA Apollo Pro-133
Three copies of CPU output
Seven copies of PCI output
One 48-MHz output for USB / One 24-MHz for SIO
Two buffered reference outputs
Two IOAPIC outputs
Seventeen SDRAM outputs provide support for 4
DIMMs
Supports frequencies up to 150 MHz
I
2
CTM interface for programming
Power management control inputs
Key Specifications
CPU Cycle-to-Cycle Jitter: .......................................... 250 ps
CPU to CPU Output Skew: ......................................... 175 ps
PCI to PCI Output Skew: ............................................ 500 ps
SDRAMIN to SDRAM0:15 Delay: ..........................3.7 ns typ.
V
DDQ3
: .................................................................... 3.3V5%
V
DDQ2
: .................................................................... 2.5V5%
SDRAM0:15 (leads) to SDRAM_F Skew: ..............0.4 ns typ.
Intel is a registered trademark of Intel Corporation. I
2
C is a trademark of Philips Corporation.
Table 1. Mode Input Table
Mode
Pin 3
0
PCI_STOP#
1
REF0
Table 2. Pin Selectable Frequency
Input Address
CPU_F, 1:2
(MHz)
PCI_F, 0:5
(MHz)
FS3
FS2
FS1
FS0
1
1
1
1
133.3
33.3 (CPU/4)
1
1
1
0
124
31 (CPU/4)
1
1
0
1
150
37.5 (CPU/4)
1
1
0
0
140
35 (CPU/4)
1
0
1
1
105
35 (CPU/3)
1
0
1
0
110
36.7 (CPU/3)
1
0
0
1
115
38.3 (CPU/3)
1
0
0
0
120
40 (CPU/3)
0
1
1
1
100
33.3 (CPU/3)
0
1
1
0
Reserved
0
1
0
1
112
37.3 (CPU/3)
0
1
0
0
103
34.3 (CPU/3)
0
0
1
1
66.8
33.4 (CPU/2)
0
0
1
0
83.3
41.7 (CPU/2)
0
0
0
1
75
37.5 (CPU/2)
0
0
0
0
Reserved
Block Diagram
Pin Configuration
Note:
1.
Internal pull-up resistors should not be relied upon for setting I/O
pins HIGH. Pin function with parentheses determined by MODE pin
resistor strapping. Unlike other I/O pins, input FS3 has an internal
pull-down resistor.
[1]
VDDQ3
REF0/(PCI_STOP#)
VDDQ2
IOAPIC_F
CPU_F
CPU1
CPU2
PCI_F/MODE
XTAL
PLL Ref Freq
PLL 1
X2
X1
REF1/FS2
VDDQ3
Stop
Clock
Control
Stop
Clock
Control
PCI1
PCI2
PCI3
PCI5
48MHz/FS1
24MHz/FS0
PLL2
2,3,4
OSC
VDDQ2
CLK_STOP#
VDDQ3
IOAPIC0
PCI4
I
2
C
SDATA
Logic
SCLK
I/O Pin
Control
SDRAM0:15
SDRAMIN
16
VDDQ3
PCI0/FS3
Stop
Clock
Control
Stop
Clock
Control
SDRAM_F
VDDQ3
REF1/FS2
REF0/(PCI_STOP#)
GND
X1
X2
VDDQ3
PCI_F/MODE
PCI0/FS3
GND
PCI1
PCI2
PCI3
PCI4
VDDQ3
PCI5
SDRAMIN
SDRAM11
SDRAM10
VDDQ3
SDRAM9
SDRAM8
GND
SDRAM15
W
216
VDDQ2
IOAPIC0
IOAPIC_F
GND
CPU_F
CPU1
VDDQ2
CPU2
GND
CLK_STOP#
SDRAM_F
VDDQ3
SDRAM0
SDRAM1
GND
SDRAM2
SDRAM3
SDRAM4
SDRAM5
VDDQ3
SDRAM6
SDRAM7
GND
SDRAM12
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
32
31
30
29
SDRAM14
GND
SDATA
SCLK
SDRAM13
VDDQ3
24MHz/FS0
48MHz/FS1
W216
PRELIMINARY
2
Pin Definitions
Pin Name
Pin No.
Pin
Type
Pin Description
CPU1:2
51, 49
O
CPU Outputs 1 and 2: Frequency is set by the FS0:3 inputs or through serial input
interface, see Tables 2 and 6. These outputs are affected by the CLK_STOP# input.
CPU_F
52
O
Free-Running CPU Output: Frequency is set by the FS0:3 inputs or through serial input
interface, see Tables 2 and 6. This output is not affected by the CLK_STOP# input.
PCI1:5
11, 12, 13, 14,
16
O
PCI Outputs 1 through 5: Frequency is set by the FS0:3 inputs or through serial input
interface, see Tables 2 and 6. These outputs are affected by the PCI_STOP# input.
PCI0/FS3
9
I/O
PCI Output/Frequency Select Input: As an output, frequency is set by the FS0:3 inputs
or through serial input interface, see Tables 2 and 6. This output is affected by the
PCI_STOP# input. When an input, latches data selecting the frequency of the CPU and
PCI outputs.
PCI_F/MODE
8
I/O
Free Running PCI Output: Frequency is set by the FS0:3 inputs or through serial input
interface, see Tables 2 and 6. This output is not affected by the PCI_STOP# input. When
an input, selects function of pin 3 as described in Table 1.
CLK_STOP#
47
I
CLK_STOP# Input: When brought LOW, affected outputs are stopped LOW after com-
pleting a full clock cycle (23 CPU clock latency). When brought HIGH, affected outputs
start beginning with a full clock cycle (23 CPU clock latency).
IOAPIC_F
54
O
Free-running IOAPIC Output: This output is a buffered version of the reference input
which is not affected by the CPU_STOP# logic input. It's swing is set by voltage applied
to VDDQ2.
IOAPIC0
55
I/O
IOAPIC Output: Provides 14.318-MHz fixed frequency. The output voltage swing is set
by voltage applied to VDDQ2. This output is disabled when CLK_STOP# is set LOW.
48MHz/FS1
29
I/O
48-MHz Output: 48 MHz is provided in normal operation. In standard systems, this
output can be used as the reference for the Universal Serial Bus. Upon power up, FS1
input will be latched, setting output frequencies as described in Table 2.
24MHz/FS0
30
I/O
24-MHz Output: 24 MHz is provided in normal operation. In standard systems, this
output can be used as the clock input for a Super I/O chip. Upon power up, FS0 input
will be latched, setting output frequencies as described in Table 2.
REF1/FS2
2
I/O
Reference Output: 14.318 MHz is provided in normal operation. Upon power-up, FS2
input will be latched, setting output frequencies as described in Table 2.
REF0
(PCI_STOP#)
3
I/O
Fixed 14.318-MHz Output 0 or PCI_STOP# Pin: Function determined by MODE pin.
The PCI_STOP# input enables the PCI 0:5 outputs when HIGH and causes them to
remain at logic 0 when LOW. The PCI_STOP signal is latched on the rising edge of
PCI_F. Its effects take place on the next PCI_F clock cycle. As an output, this pin provides
a fixed clock signal equal in frequency to the reference signal provided at the X1/X2 pins
(14.318 MHz).
SDRAMIN
17
I
Buffered Input Pin: The signal provided to this input pin is buffered to 17 outputs
(SDRAM0:15, SDRAM_F).
SDRAM0:15
44, 43, 41, 40,
39, 38, 36, 35,
22, 21, 19, 18,
33, 32, 25, 24
O
Buffered Outputs: These sixteen dedicated outputs provide copies of the signal pro-
vided at the SDRAMIN input. The swing is set by VDDQ3, and they are deactivated when
CLK_STOP# input is set LOW.
SDRAM_F
46
O
Free-Running Buffered Output: This output provides a single copy of the SDRAMIN
input. The swing is set by VDDQ3; this signal is unaffected by the CLK_STOP# input.
SCLK
28
I
Clock pin for I
2
C circuitry.
SDATA
27
I/O
Data pin for I
2
C circuitry.
X1
5
I
Crystal Connection or External Reference Frequency Input: This pin has dual func-
tions. It can be used as an external 14.318-MHz crystal connection or as an external
reference frequency input.
X2
6
I
Crystal Connection: An input connection for an external 14.318-MHz crystal. If using
an external reference, this pin must be left unconnected.
VDDQ3
1, 7, 15, 20,
31, 37, 45
P
Power Connection: Power supply for core logic, PLL circuitry, SDRAM outputs buffers,
PCI output buffers, reference output buffers and 48-MHz/24-MHz output buffers. Con-
nect to 3.3V.
VDDQ2
50, 56
P
Power Connection: Power supply for IOAPIC and CPU output buffers. Connect to 2.5V
or 3.3V.
W216
PRELIMINARY
3
Overview
The W216 was designed as a single-chip alternative to the
standard two-chip Intel 440BX AGPset clock solution. It pro-
vides sufficient outputs to support most single-processor, four
SDRAM DIMM designs.
Functional Description
I/O Pin Operation
Pins 2, 8, 9, 29, and 30 are dual-purpose l/O pins. Upon power-
up these pins act as logic inputs, allowing the determination of
assigned device functions. A short time after power-up, the
logic state of each pin is latched and the pins become clock
outputs. This feature reduces device pin count by combining
clock outputs with input select pins.
An external 10-k
"strapping" resistor is connected between
the l/O pin and ground or V
DD
. Connection to ground sets a
latch to "0," connection to V
DD
sets a latch to "1." Figure 1 and
Figure 2 show two suggested methods for strapping resistor
connections.
Upon W216 power-up, the first 2 ms of operation is used for
input logic selection. During this period, the five I/O pins (2, 8,
9, 29, 30) are three-stated, allowing the output strapping resis-
tor on the l/O pins to pull the pins and their associated capac-
itive clock load to either a logic HIGH or LOW state. At the end
of the 2-ms period, the established logic "0" or "1" condition of
the l/O pin is latched. Next the output buffer is enabled, con-
verting the l/O pins into operating clock outputs. The 2-ms tim-
er starts when V
DD
reaches 2.0V. The input bits can only be
reset by turning V
DD
off and then back on again.
It should be noted that the strapping resistors have no signifi-
cant effect on clock output signal integrity. The drive imped-
ance of clock output (<40
, nominal), which is minimally af-
fected by the 10-k
strap to ground or V
DD
. As with the series
termination resistor, the output strapping resistor should be
placed as close to the l/O pin as possible in order to keep the
interconnecting trace short. The trace from the resistor to
ground or V
DD
should be kept less than two inches in length
to prevent system noise coupling during input logic sampling.
When the clock outputs are enabled following the 2-ms input
period, the specified output frequency is delivered on the pin,
assuming that V
DD
has stabilized. If V
DD
has not yet reached
full value, output frequency initially may be below target but will
increase to target once V
DD
voltage has stabilized. In either
case, a short output clock cycle may be produced from the
CPU clock outputs when the outputs are enabled.
GND
4, 10, 23, 26,
34, 42, 48, 53
G
Ground Connections: Connect all ground pins to the common system ground plane.
Pin Definitions
(continued)
Pin Name
Pin No.
Pin
Type
Pin Description
Power-on
Reset
Timer
Output Three-state
Data
Latch
Hold
Q
D
W216
V
DD
Clock Load
R
10 k
Output
Buffer
(Load Option 1)
10 k
(Load Option 0)
Output
Low
Output Strapping Resistor
Series Termination Resistor
Figure 1. Input Logic Selection Through Resistor Load Option
Power-on
Reset
Timer
Output Three-state
Data
Latch
Hold
Q
D
W216
V
DD
Clock Load
R
10 k
Output
Buffer
Output
Low
Output Strapping Resistor
Series Termination Resistor
Jumper Options
Figure 2. Input Logic Selection Through Jumper Option
Resistor Value R
W216
PRELIMINARY
4
Spread Spectrum Frequency Timing Generator
The device generates a clock that is frequency modulated in
order to increase the bandwidth that it occupies. By increasing
the bandwidth of the fundamental and its harmonics, the am-
plitudes of the radiated electromagnetic emissions are re-
duced. This effect is depicted in Figure 3.
As shown in Figure 3, a harmonic of a modulated clock has a
much lower amplitude than that of an unmodulated signal. The
reduction in amplitude is dependent on the harmonic number
and the frequency deviation or spread. The equation for the
reduction is
dB = 6.5 + 9*log
10
(P) + 9*log
10
(F)
Where P is the percentage of deviation and F is the frequency
in MHz where the reduction is measured.
The output clock is modulated with a waveform depicted in
Figure 4. This waveform, as discussed in "Spread Spectrum
Clock Generation for the Reduction of Radiated Emissions" by
Bush, Fessler, and Hardin produces the maximum reduction
in the amplitude of radiated electromagnetic emissions. The
deviation selected for this chip is specified in Table 6. Figure 4
details the Cypress spreading pattern. Cypress does offer op-
tions with more spread and greater EMI reduction. Contact
your local Sales representative for details on these devices.
Spread Spectrum clocking is activated or deactivated by se-
lecting the appropriate values for bits 10 in data byte 0 of the
I
2
C data stream. Refer to Table 7 for more details.
Figure 3. Clock Harmonic with and without SSCG Modulation Frequency Domain Representation
Spread
Spectrum
Enabled
EMI Reduction
Spread
Spectrum
Non-
Figure 4. Typical Modulation Profile
MAX
MIN
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
FREQUENCY
W216
PRELIMINARY
5
Serial Data Interface
The W216 features a two-pin, serial data interface that can be
used to configure internal register settings that control partic-
ular device functions. Upon power-up, the W216 initializes with
default register settings, therefore the use of this serial data
interface is optional. The serial interface is write-only (to the
clock chip) and is the dedicated function of device pins SDATA
and SCLOCK. In motherboard applications, SDATA and
SCLOCK are typically driven by two logic outputs of the
chipset. Clock device register changes are normally made
upon system initialization, if any are required. The interface
can also be used during system operation for power manage-
ment functions. Table 3 summarizes the control functions of
the serial data interface.
Operation
Data is written to the W216 in eleven bytes of eight bits each.
Bytes are written in the order shown in Table 4.
Table 3. Serial Data Interface Control Functions Summary
Control Function
Description
Common Application
Output Disable
Any individual clock output(s) can be disabled. Dis-
abled outputs are actively held low.
Unused outputs are disabled to reduce EMI
and system power. Examples are clock out-
puts to unused PCI slots.
CPU Clock Frequency
Selection
Provides CPU/PCI frequency selections alternate
to the selections that are provided by the FS0:3
pins. Frequency is changed in a smooth and con-
trolled fashion.
For alternate microprocessors and power
management options. Smooth frequency tran-
sition allows CPU frequency change under
normal system operation.
Spread Spectrum
Enabling
Enables or disables spread spectrum clocking.
For EMI reduction.
Output Three-state
Puts all clock outputs into a high-impedance state.
Production PCB testing.
Test Mode
All clock outputs toggle in relation to X1 input, inter-
nal PLL is bypassed. Refer to Table 5.
Production PCB testing.
(Reserved)
Reserved function for future device revision or pro-
duction device testing.
No user application. Register bit must be writ-
ten as 0.
Table 4. Byte Writing Sequence
Byte Sequence
Byte Name
Bit Sequence
Byte Description
1
Slave Address
11010010
Commands the W216 to accept the bits in Data Bytes 07 for internal
register configuration. Since other devices may exist on the same com-
mon serial data bus, it is necessary to have a specific slave address for
each potential receiver. The slave receiver address for the W216 is
11010010. Register setting will not be made if the Slave Address is not
correct (or is for an alternate slave receiver).
2
Command
Code
Don't Care
Unused by the W216, therefore bit values are ignored ("don't care"). This
byte must be included in the data write sequence to maintain proper byte
allocation. The Command Code Byte is part of the standard serial com-
munication protocol and may be used when writing to another ad-
dressed slave receiver on the serial data bus.
3
Byte Count
Don't Care
Unused by the W216, therefore bit values are ignored ("don't care"). This
byte must be included in the data write sequence to maintain proper byte
allocation. The Byte Count Byte is part of the standard serial communi-
cation protocol and may be used when writing to another addressed
slave receiver on the serial data bus.
4
Data Byte 0
Refer to Table 5
The data bits in Data Bytes 07 set internal W216 registers that control
device operation. The data bits are only accepted when the Address
Byte bit sequence is 11010010, as noted above. For description of bit
control functions, refer to Table 5, Data Byte Serial Configuration Map.
5
Data Byte 1
6
Data Byte 2
7
Data Byte 3
8
Data Byte 4
9
Data Byte 5
10
Data Byte 6
Don't Care
Unused by the W216, therefore bit values are ignored ("don't care").
11
Data Byte 7
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