Xicor, Inc. 1994 1999 Patents Pending

PRELIMINARY REVISION 5.0

Characteristics subject to change without notice

Revision

1.0

XM3100

PRELIMINARY

3 or 4 Cell Li-Ion Smart Battery Pack Module

DESCRIPTION

The XM3100 module is a complete battery pack solution
that features the Xicor X3100 Lithium Ion battery
protection and monitor IC. For use in battery packs
consisting of 3 or 4 Lithium-Ion battery cells (10.8V or
14.4V packs) the X3100 provides over-voltage, under-
voltage, and over-current protection circuitry, internal
EEPROM memory, an internal voltage regulator, and
drive circuitry for switching external FET devices used to
control cell charge, discharge, and cell voltage
balancing. The XM3100 module provides all external
devices needed to control the battery pack including a
preprogrammed microcontroller. This microcontroller
has a System Management Bus (SMBus v.1.0) interface
with operation compliant with the Smart Battery System
1.1 Standard.

The built in software on the XM3100 module provides
coulomb counting algorithms that provide a basic battery

gas gauging function. Future versions of the board will
offer more extensive gas gauging, cell balancing routines
and pack history tracking.

The XM3100 board has outputs for a separate display
board containing five LEDs and a puchbutton switch.
This board is included with the XM3100. The LEDs and
switch allow the battery pack user to check the state of
charge without connecting the battery to the host. The
LEDs turn on for a short period of time when the switch
is pressed to show capacity as 10%, 30%, 50%, 70% or
90% of full charge.

The XM3100 board can be tailored to meet specific
customer requirements. The module over-voltage, over-
current, and under-voltage levels are easily changed
through programmable non-volatile bits. Simple
capacitor changes provide different protection time-out
periods. Specialized software routines can offer
customized gas gauging.

FEATURE

BENEFIT

· Complete Solution for 3-4 Cell Li-Ion battery pack

· Minimal design effort required

· X3100 and microcontroller control

· Safe, accurate and flexible implementation.

· Built-in Gas Gauge Software

· No algorithms to develop

· General Purpose Microcontroller

· Custom software modules add more gas gauge

capability, cell balancing, history tracking.

· SMBus interface/SBS 1.1 compliant

· Conforms to industry smart battery standards

Pins

CL1:

Battery Cell 1 (+)

CL2:

Battery Cell 1 (-)/Battery Cell 2 (+)

CL3:

Battery Cell 2 (-)/Battery Cell 3 (+)

CL4:

Battery Cell 3 (-)/Battery Cell 4 (+)

B-:

Battery Cell 4 (-)

P+:

Battery Pack Positive Terminal

P-:

Battery Pack Negaitve Terminal

SMBD: SMBus Data Line
SMBC: SMBus Clock Line

LED10: 10-30% Capacity indicator
LED30: 30-50% Capacity indicator
LED50: 50-70% Capacity indicator
LED70: 70-90% Capacity indicator
LED90: 90-100% Capacity indicator
SW1:

Indicator LED Switch input

VRGO: Regulated 5V output to display board
NEG:

Negative terminal of battery (for Thermistor)

RTH:

Thermistor connection (battery pack temperature)

XM3100

Xicor, Inc. 1994 1999 Patents Pending

PRELIMINARY REVISION 5.0

Characteristics subject to change without notice

PRELIMINARY

SAFETY UNIT

The safety unit of the X3100 provides four selectable
over voltage levels for the Li-ion Cells. The default
threshold is set to 4.2V +/-50mV. Other selectable levels
are: 4.25V, 4.3V and 4.35V. The over voltage detect time
is 1 second. This can be changed by replacing a
capacitor on the board. When an over voltage occurs, the
charge FET is automatically turned off. When voltage
drops below the over voltage threshold minus 200 mV
the charge FET is automatically turned back on.

The X3100 provides four selectable under voltage levels
for the battery cells. The default level is 2.25V +/-100mV.
Other options are 1.95V, 2.05V, and 2.15V. The under
voltage delay time is set to 1 second, but this can be
changed by replacing a capacitor on the board. When
the board goes into an under voltage condition, both
FETs on the board turn off and the pack electronics go
into a sleep mode. The unit returns to normal operation
when the charger is reconnected to the pack.

The X3100 provides four selectable over current levels
for the battery pack. These levels are 3.75A, 5A, 6.25A
and 7.5A. These are accurate to +/-0.75A. The over

current detect time is set to 10ms, but may be changed
by replacing a capacitor on the board.

SMBUS INTERFACE/SMART BATTERY SYSTEM

The SMBus interface is compliant with the SBS 1.1
specifications. The following section describes the
operation of the Smart Battery Interface, features and
operation. Additional details on the SBS1.1 standards
are available in the Smart Battery Data Specification
Revision 1.1, December 11, 1998.

Battery Commands

Manufacturer Access

(0x00)

This command is functional, so a value written using this
command can be read back at a later time. However, the
value written does not affect nor control the operation of
the module.

Remaining Capacity Alarm

(0x01)

This command sets or gets the Low Capacity Alarm
Threshold. Whenever "Remaining Capacity" falls below
"Low Capacity", The XM3100 sends an alarm warning
message to the host. A Low Capacity setting of 0
disables the alarm.

X3100

SPI

Port

XM3100 BLOCK DIAGRAM

M37515 uC

Analog

Port

RGO

P-

CL2

CL3

CL4

B-

VRGO

SMBC

SMBus
I/F

Cell4
Optional

P+

CL1

LED10

LED30

LED50

LED70

LED90

SW1

RTH

NEG

SMBD

XM3100

Xicor, Inc. 1994 1999 Patents Pending

PRELIMINARY REVISION 5.0

Characteristics subject to change without notice

PRELIMINARY

Remaining Time Alarm

(0x02)

This command sets or gets the Remaining Time alarm
value. Whenever "Average Time to Empty" falls below
"Remaining Time", the XM3100 sends an alarm warning
message to the host. A Remaining Time setting of 0
disables the alarm.

Battery Mode

(0x03)

Battery Mode selects the various operating modes of the
battery and reports on the battery's capabilities and
modes and flags minor conditions requiring attention.

AtRate (0x04)

The AtRate function is the first half of a two function call-
set. AtRate supplies the charge or discharge value used
with "AtRateTimeToFull", "AtRateTimeToEmpty" and
"AtRateOK" commands. These second commands
determine how long the pack can supply the requested

energy or if the pack can supply the energy for a specific
period of time.

AtRateTimeToFull (0x05)

This command returns the predicted time to fully charge
the battery at the previously written AtRate value.

AtRateTimeToEmpty (0x06)

This command returns the predicted time to fully
discharge the battery at the previously written AtRate
value.

AtRateOK

(0x07)

AtRateOK returns TRUE or FALSE response indicating if
the battery can deliver the previously written value of
additional energy for 10 seconds.

Temperature

(0x08)

This command returns the cell-packs internal
temperature (

K*10).

Voltage

(0x09)

This command returns the cell pack voltage (mV).

Current

(0x0A)

This command returns the current being supplied or
accepted through the battery terminals (mA).

Average Current

(0x0B)

The value is a one minute rolling average of the current
being supplied or accepted through the battery terminals
(mA).

MaxError

(0x0C)

MaxError is the expected margin of error in the state of
charge calculations.

RelativeStateOfCharge

(0x0D)

This command returns the predicted remaining capacity
expressed as a percentage of FullChargeCapacity.

AbsoluteStateOfCharge

(0x0E)

This command returns the predicted remaining battery
capacity expressed as a percentage of DesignCapacity.

RemainingCapacity

(0x0F)

This command returns the predicted remaining battery
capacity.

FullChargeCapacity

(0x10)

This command returns the predicted pack capacity when
it is fully charged.

Table 1.

Battery Mode Bits

Bit

Field

Value

Comments

Internal
Charge
Controller

Read Only

Internal Charge
Controller Supported

Primary
Battery
Support

Read Only

The XM3100 supports
the operation as either a
primary or secondary.

2-6

Reserved

Condition
Flag

0 or 1

Read Only

0 = Battery O.K.
1 = Conditioning Cycle

Requested.

Charge
Controller
Enabled

0 (default)

or 1

Internal Charge
Controller is disabled.

Primary
Battery

0 (default)

or 1

0 - Battery operating in its

secondary role

1 - Battery operating in its

primary role

10-12

Reserved

Alarm
Mode

0 (default)

or 1

0 - Enable alarm warning

broadcasts

1 - disable broadcasts

Charger
Mode

0 (default)

or 1

0 - Enable charge current

& voltage broadcasts

1 - disable broadcasts

Capacity
Mode

0 (default)

or 1

0 = mA or mAh
1 = 10mW or 10mWh

XM3100

Xicor, Inc. 1994 1999 Patents Pending

PRELIMINARY REVISION 5.0

Characteristics subject to change without notice

PRELIMINARY

RunTimeToEmpty

(0x11)

This command returns the predicted remaining battery
life at the present rate of discharge (minutes).

AverageTimeToEmpty

(0x12)

This command returns a rolling average of the predicted
remaining battery life (minutes).

AverageTimeToFull

(0x13)

This command returns a rolling average of the predicted
remaining time until the battery pack reaches a full
charge (minutes).

BatteryStatus

(0x16)

This command returns the battery's status word which
contains Alarm and Status bit flags. The bits are defined
in Table

2. All of the microcontroller charge and

discharge control is dictated by the Battery Status Flags,
though they cannot override the X3100's protection
features.

Charging is allowed if all of the following are true:

Charge Controller Enabled = 1(Optional, set via SMBUS)
Bit15 - Overcharged Alarm = 0
Bit14 - Terminate Charge Alarm = 0
Bit12 - Overtemp Alarm = 0

Discharging is allowed if all of the following are true:

Primary Battery = 1 (Optional, set via SMBus)
Bit11 - Terminate Discharge Alarm = 0
Bit4 - Fully Discharged = 0

CycleCount

(0x17)

This command returns the number of charge/discharge
cycles the battery has experienced. A cycle is defined as
an amount of discharge approximately equal to the value
of DesignCapacity.

DesignCapacity

(0x18)

The command returns the theoretical capacity of a new
pack.

DesignVoltage

(0x19)

This command returns the theoretical voltage of a new
pack (mV).

SpecificationInfo

(0x1A)

This command returns the version number of the Smart
Battery specification that the battery pack supports. It
also reports the voltage, current and capacity scaling
information for the pack.

Table 2.

Battery Status Bits

Status

Word

Condition

Alarm Bits

0x8000

bit15

Over Charged Alarm:

Always cleared if the device is no longer
charging. Set if a cell voltage exceeds
4.352V or if the X3100 OVDS flag is set.

0x4000

bit14

Terminate Charge Alarm:

Always cleared if no longer charging. Set with
the Over charged Alarm flag.

0x2000

Reserved

0x1000

bit12

Over Temperature Alarm:

Set if the temperature exceeds 70

C and

cleared below 55

0x0800

bit11

Terminate Discharge Alarm:

Always cleared if the current is non-negative.
Set if a cell voltage is less than 2.560V or if the
X3100 OCDS flag is set.

0x0400

Reserved

0x0200

bit9

Remaining Capacity Alarm:

Set if Remaining Capacity drops below the
alarm threshold. Cleared when the Remaining
Capacity rises above the alarm threshold.

0x0100

bit8

Remaining Time Alarm:

Set if the Average Time to Empty drops below
the alarm threshold. Cleared when the
Average Time to Empty rises above the alarm
threshold.

Status Bits

0x0080

Initialized: Fixed at '1'

0x0040

bit6

Discharging:

Set when the current value is negative.
Cleared when positive.

0x0020

bit5

Fully Charged:

Set when the X3100 OVDS flag is set cleared
when the Relative State of Charge drops
below 100%.

0x0010

bit4

Fully Discharged:
Set when Terminate Discharge Flag is set,
Cleared whe Relative State of Charge rises
above 20%.

0x0000-

0x000F

Reserved

Table 2.

Battery Status Bits

Status

Word

Condition

XM3100

Xicor, Inc. 1994 1999 Patents Pending

PRELIMINARY REVISION 5.0

Characteristics subject to change without notice

PRELIMINARY

ManufactureDate

(0x1B)

This command returns the date that the pack was
manufactured.

SerialNumber

(0x1C)

This command returns the pack serial number.

ManufacturerName

(0x1D)

This command returns the pack manufacturer. The
XM3100 is programmed to return "Xicor, Inc." but the
value can be reprogrammed to meet the pack
manufacturer's needs.

DeviceName

(0x21)

This command returns the battery's name. The XM3100
is programmed to return the board part number, but the
value can be reprogrammed to meet the pack
manufacturer's needs.

DeviceChemistry

(0x22)

This command returns the value "LION" to indicate that
the pack supports Li-ion batteries.

ManufacturerData

(0x23)

As specified in the Smart Battery Specification, this is a
read only command that returns a block of data from the
battery pack. It is an optional command used for reading
various parameters from the pack. The XM3100 does not
use this command, but enhanced software could use it to
read collected battery pack history, such as the number
of deep cycles, violations of temperature or current rate
extremes, and discharge patterns.

Battery Charger Messages

The battery charger can set the Battery Mode bit 14 high
and poll the battery pack to determine the battery
charging requirements. The charger can request the
battery charging current, charging voltage, and status
periodically, but it must do so at intervals from 5 to 60
seconds. If the charger periodocally polls the pack it can
disable the pack's automatic broadcast of the charging
current and charging voltage by setting the Charger
Mode bit to one.

Charging Current

(0x14)

When receiving this command, the XM3100 returns the
the smart battery desired charging rate. This is based on
the specific cells being used in the pack.

Charging Voltage

(0x15)

When receiving this command, the XM3100 returns the
the smart battery desired charging voltage (mV). This is
based on the specific cells being used in the pack.

Battery Critical Messages

Whenever the XM3100 detects a critical condition, it
beomes the master and sends an Alarm Waring
message to both the Smart Battery Charger and the
SMBus Host, notifying them of the critical condition.

AlarmWarning or Broadcasts

(0x16)

The AlarmWarning message is sent by the XM3100,
acting as a bus master device, to the charger and host. It
is a warning that one or more alarm conditions exist. The
alarm conditions are encoded as bit fields in the
messsage. These bit fields match those of the battery
status word. The alarm warning messages are disabled
by setting the Battery Mode bit 13 high. In this case the
host and charger need to poll the battery pack to
determine the status.

A Broadcast (command 0x16) is sent by the battery pack
to other components on the SMBus. It occurs
automatically when the Battery Mode bit 14 is set low.
This broadcast occurs every 30 seconds and provides
the charger with values for desired charge current and
voltage.

Gas Gauge

The gas gauge software on the XM3100 board consists
of a simple accumulation of current based on the reading
of voltage across the sense resistor. The software makes
use of the current sense amplifier of the X3100 to
improve the accuracy of the current reading over a wide
dynamic range.

The accumulated current value is placed in a gas gauge
register consistant with the SBS 1.1 specification. Other
computations required for the SBS specification (such as
AtRate) are computed continuously. The gas gauge does
not provide routines for automatic compensation of the
gas gauge value based on temperature or current rate.

Gas Gauge Calculations

There are a number of calculations associated with the
gas gauge. Brief descriptions provided below give
additional information about the operation of the module.

Core Parameters

· Average Current: This value is updated every 1.874

seconds. It averages 32 "fast average" current values.

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