O O O

SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNICAL DATA

MC68181

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MC68181 Technical Data

This document contains information on a new product. Specifications and information herein are subject to change without notice.

Advance Information

ROAMING FLEXTM chip SIGNAL PROCESSOR

The FLEXTM protocol is a multi-speed, high-performance protocol adopted by leading service
providers worldwide as a de facto paging standard. The FLEX protocol gives service providers
the increased capacity, added reliability, and enhanced pager battery performance they need
today. It also provides an upward migration path to the service provider that is completely
transparent to the end user.

The MC68181 Roaming FLEXTM chip IC is part of a total solution available from Motorola for
providing FLEX capabilities in a low-power, low-cost system. The FLEXTM chip simplifies
implementation of a FLEX paging device by interfacing with any of several off-the-shelf paging
receivers, and any of several off-the-shelf host microcontroller/microprocessors. The primary
function of the FLEXTM chip is to process information received and demodulated from a FLEX-
radio paging channel, select messages addressed to the paging device, and communicate the
message information to the host. The host controls receiver channel selection, and interprets the
message information in an appropriate manner (numeric, alphanumeric, binary, etc.) and
handles all the I/O activity. The FLEXTM chip IC also operates the paging receiver in an efficient
power consumption mode and enables the host to operate in a low power mode when
monitoring a single channel for message information.

Figure 1

shows the MC68181 functional

block diagram.

Figure 1

MC68181 Functional Block Diagram

76.8 kHz

Oscillator

Clock

Symbol Sync

Sync Correlator

De-Interleaver

Address

Receiver

Noise Detector

Internal Control

Error

Local Message

SPI Buffer

SPI

Control/Status

Registers

Unit

External

Comparator

Control

EXTS0

EXTS1

SYMCLK

XTAL

EXTAL

CLKOUT

S0S7

RESET

LOBAT

READY

SPI

Control

Unit

Corrector

AA0813

OSCPD

Filter

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MC68181

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION 1

SIGNAL/CONNECTION DESCRIPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

SECTION 2

SPECIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

SECTION 3

PACKAGING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

SECTION 4

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

SECTION 5

ORDERING INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

APPENDIX A

FLEX SIGNAL OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1

APPENDIX B

SPI PACKET DESCRIPTION AND HANDLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1

APPENDIX C

FLEXTM CHIP IC APPLICATION NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1

FOR TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE:

Telephone:

1-800-521-6274

Internet:

http://www.mot.com/sps/dsp/helpline/messaging

Data Sheet Conventions

This data sheet uses the following conventions:

OVERBAR

Used to indicate a signal that is active when pulled low (For example, the RESET
pin is active when low.)

"asserted"

Means that a high true (active high) signal is high or that a low true (active low)
signal is low

"deasserted"

Means that a high true (active high) signal is low or that a low true (active low)
signal is high

Examples:

Signal/Symbol

Logic State

Signal State

Voltage

True

Asserted

False

Deasserted

True

Asserted

False

Deasserted

Note:

Values for V

, V

, and V

are defined by individual product specifications.

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MC68181

Features

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

iii

FEATURES

FLEX paging protocol signal processor

Sixteen programmable user address words

Sixteen temporary addresses

Sixteen operator messaging addresses

1600, 3200, and 6400 bits-per-second decoding

Any-phase or single-phase decoding

Uses standard Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) in Slave mode

Allows low current Stop mode operation of host processor

Highly programmable receiver control

Real-time clock time base

FLEX software fragmentation and group messaging support

Real time clock over-the-air update support

Compatible with synthesized receivers

SSID and NID Roaming support

Low Battery Indication (requires external detector)

1.8 to 3.3 V low power operation

32-pin Thin Quad Flat Pack (TQFP) package

Backward compatible with MC68175

ADDITIONAL SUPPORT

FLEX System Software from Motorola is a family of software components for building world-
class products incorporating messaging capabilities. FLEXstackTM Roaming Software is
specifically designed to support the Roaming FLEXTM chip IC. FLEXstack Roaming Software
runs on a product's host processor and takes care of communicating with the FLEXTM chip IC,
acquiring the proper FLEX channel, and fully interpreting the codewords that are passed to the
host from the FLEXTM chip IC.

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MC68181

Documentation

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

DOCUMENTATION

This document is the primary document supporting the MC68181 FLEXTM chip IC.
Documentation is available from:

A local Motorola distributor

A Motorola semiconductor sales office

A Motorola Literature Distribution Center

Through the Motorola Wireless Semiconductor home page on the Internet

See the back cover for detailed information. The Motorola Wireless Semiconductors

home page on the Internet is the source for the latest information.

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MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

1-1

SECTION

SIGNAL/CONNECTION DESCRIPTIONS

SIGNAL GROUPINGS

The input and output signals of the MC68181 are organized into six functional groups, as
shown in

Table 1-1

and as illustrated in

Figure 1-1

Figure 1-1

is a diagram of MC68181 signals by functional group.

Table 1-1

MC68181 Functional Signal Groupings

Functional Group

Number of

Signals

Detailed

Description

Power Input and Monitoring

Table 1-2

Processor Clocks

Table 1-3

Reset

Table 1-4

Current Symbol Inputs

Table 1-5

Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)

Table 1-6

Receiver Control Port

Table 1-7

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MC68181

Power Input and Monitoring

1-2

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

POWER INPUT AND MONITORING

Figure 1-1

Signals Identified by Functional Group

Table 1-2

Power Input, Monitoring, and Control Signals

Power Name

Description

Power

--V

is the input power for the IC.

Ground--

is ground connection for the IC.

LOBAT

Low Battery

--LOBAT provides an input signal to indicate to the IC when external

battery power is going low. (An external voltage sensing circuit is required)

38.4 kHz
Symbol Clock
External input
External output
Oscillator Power
Down

Power:
Input power
Ground
Low Battery
Detect

CLKOUT

SYMCLK

EXTAL

XTAL

OSCPD

Hardware
Reset

RESET

Receiver

Control Port

S0S7

Serial

Peripheral

Interface

(SPI)

SCK
SS
MOSI
MISO
READY

MC68181

Current

Symbol MSB

Current

Symbol LSB

EXTS1

EXTS0

AA122

LOBAT

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MC68181

Processor Clock

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

1-3

PROCESSOR CLOCK

RESET

CURRENT SYMBOL INPUTS

Table 1-3

Processor Clock Signals

Signal

Name

Type

State During

Reset

Signal Description

CLKOUT

Output

Indeterminate

Clock Output

--This is typically a 38.4 kHz clock output (derived

from 76.8 kHz oscillator).

SYMCLK

Output

Indeterminate

Recovered Symbol Clock

--Data is synchronized to the internal

clock and this recovered clock output enhances lockon capability
by reducing jitter from cable-induced noise.

EXTAL

Input

External Clock/Crystal Input

--EXTAL interfaces the internal

crystal oscillator input to a 76.8 kHz crystal input or other external
input clock.

XTAL

Output

Indeterminate

External Clock/Crystal Output

--This is typically a 76.8 kHz

clock output.

OSCPD

Input

Oscillator Power Down

--This input determines whether the

internal oscillator is used. Connect this pin to V

when using the

76.8 kHz crystal input. Connect this pin to V

when using an

external input clock signal.

Table 1-4

Test and Reset Signals

Signal Name

Type

State During

Reset

Signal Description

RESET

Input

Reset--

This input is a direct hardware reset on the FLEXTM chip

IC. When RESET is asserted low, the FLEXTM chip IC is
initialized and placed in the Reset state.

Table 1-5

Interrupt and Mode Control

Signal Name

Type

State During

Reset

Signal Description

EXTS1 Input

Input

External Symbol 1

--This is the Most Significant Bit (MSB) of

the symbol being tested.

EXTS0

Input

External Symbol

0--This is the Least Significant Bit (LSB) of

the symbol being tested.

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MC68181

Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)

1-4

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

SERIAL PERIPHERAL INTERFACE (SPI)

RECEIVER CONTROL LINES

Table 1-6

Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) Signals

Signal

Name

Signal

Type

State during

Reset

Signal Description

SCK

Input Input

SPI Serial Clock

--The SCK signal is an input, and the clock signal

from the external master synchronizes the data transfer. The SCK
signal is ignored by the SPI if the Slave Select (SS) signal is not
asserted.

Input

SPI Slave Select

--This signal is used to enable the SPI slave for

transfer.

MOSI

Input

SPI Master-Out-Slave-In

--Since the MC68181 is always a slave

device, this is the data input for SPI communications. The MOSI
signal is used in conjunction with the MISO signal for transmitting
and receiving serial data.

MISO

Output

Tri-stated

SPI Master-In-Slave-Out

--Since the MC68181 is always a slave

device, this is the data output for SPI communications. The MISO
signal is used in conjunction with the MOSI signal for transmitting
and receiving serial data.

READY

Output

Output, driven
high

SPI Ready

--This signal is driven low when the FLEXTM chip IC is

ready for an SPI packet.

Table 1-7

Receiver Control Lines

Signal

Name

Signal Type

State during

Reset

Signal Description

S0S7

Output

Tri-stated

Control Line 0Control Line 7

--These signals are the

eight receiver control lines.

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MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

2-1

SECTION

SPECIFICATIONS

INTRODUCTION

The MC68181 is fabricated in high density CMOS with Transistor-Transistor Logic
(TTL) compatible inputs and outputs.

MAXIMUM RATINGS

Note:

In the calculation of timing requirements, adding a maximum value of one
specification to a minimum value of another specification does not yield a
reasonable sum. A maximum specification is calculated using a worst case
variation of process parameter values in one direction. The minimum
specification is calculated using the worst case for the same parameters in the
opposite direction. Therefore, a "maximum" value for a specification will
never occur in the same device that has a "minimum" value for another
specification; adding a maximum to a minimum represents a condition that
can never exist.

CAUTION

This device contains circuitry protecting
against damage due to high static voltage or
electrical fields; however, normal precautions
should be taken to avoid exceeding maximum
voltage ratings. Reliability is enhanced if
unused inputs are tied to an appropriate logic
voltage level (e.g., either GND or V

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MC68181

Thermal characteristics

2-2

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS

Table 2-1

Maximum Ratings

Rating

Symbol

Min

Max

Unit

Supply Voltage

0.5

All input voltages

0.5

6.5

Current drain per pin excluding V

and V

Operating temperature range

+85

Storage temperature

STG

+150

Table 2-2

Thermal Characteristics

Characteristic

Symbol

TQFP Value

Unit

Junction-to-ambient thermal resistance

C/W

Thermal characterization parameter

C/W

Note:

Junction-to-ambient thermal resistance is based on measurements on a horizontal, single-sided
Printed Circuit Board per SEMI G38-87 in natural convection.(SEMI is Semiconductor Equipment and
Materials International, 805 East Middlefield Rd., Mountain View, CA 94043, (415) 964-5111) Values
were measured with the parts mounted on thermal test boards meeting the specification EIA/
JESD51-3.

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MC68181

DC Electrical Characteristics

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

2-3

DC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Table 2-3

DC Electrical Characteristics

Characteristics

Symbol

Min

Typ

Max

Unit

Supply voltage

1.8

3.3

3.6

Input voltage

Output voltage

Input high voltage

RESET, SS, SCK, MOSI
All other inputs

0.75V

0.7 V

--
--

V
V

Input low voltage

0.2V

Input transition (rise and fall) time

Input leakage current

0.25

High impedance (off-state) input current
(@ 1.44 V /0.3 V)

TSI

+10

Output high voltage (I

= 1.0 mA)

0.8 V

Output low voltage (I

= 2.8 mA)

0.3

Internal Supply Current

100

Input capacitance

Virtual junction temperature

-30

150

Positive-going threshold voltage

3,4

iT+

0.7V

Negative-going threshold voltage

3,4

iT-

0.2V

Hysteresis (V

iT+

- V

iT-

)

hys

0.1V

0.3V

3-state-output Hi-Z current

+/- 10

Lower-level input current

-1

High-level input current

Note:

Applies to output buffers

This value is for static I

Applies to input and bi-directional buffers with hystersis

Test condition = CMOS compatible

3-state or open-drain output must be in the high-impedance mode.

Specifications only apply with pullup terminator turned off.

Specifications only apply with pulldown terminator turned off

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MC68181

AC Electrical Characteristics

2-4

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

AC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS

The timing waveforms in the AC Electrical Characteristics are tested with a V

maximum of 0.2

in V and a V

minimum of 0.7

in V for all inputs. AC

timing specifications that are referenced to a device input signal are measured in
production with respect to the 50% point of the respective input signal's transition.
MC68181 output levels are measured with the production test machine V

and V

reference levels set at 0.3

in V and 0.6

in V, respectively.

INITIALIZATION TIMING

= 1.8 to 3.6 V, TA = 3

+ 85°

Table 2-4

Initialization Timing

Characteristic

Conditions

Symbol

Min

Max

Unit

Oscillator Start-up Time

START

sec

RESET Hold Time

RESET

200

RESET High to READY Low

RHRL

76,800

Oscillator Warmed Up to READY Low

= 50pf

OWRL

sec

Note:

T is one period of the 76.8 kHz clock source. From power-up, the oscillator start-up time can impact the availability
and period of clock strobes. This can affect the actual

RESET high to READY low timing.

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MC68181

RESET Timing

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

2-5

RESET TIMING

= 1.8 to 3.6 V, TA = 30 to 85

Figure 2-1 Startup Timing

Table 2-5

Reset Timing

Characteristic

Conditions

Symbol

Min

Max

Unit

RESET Pulse Width

200

RESET Low to READY High

RLRH

200

RESET High to READY Low

Requires stable
76.8 kHz clock source

RHRL

sec

Figure 2-2 Reset Timing

START

RESET

Oscillator

READY

OWRL

AA1221

RESET

RHRL

RESET

READY

RLRH

AA1222

RHRL

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MC68181

Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) Timing

2-6

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

SERIAL PERIPHERAL INTERFACE (SPI) TIMING

= 1.8 to 3.6 V, T

= 30 to +85

)

Table 2-6

SPI Timing

Characteristic

Conditions

Symbol

Min

Max

Unit

Operating Frequency

MHz

Cycle Time

CYC

1000

Select Lead Time

LEAD1

200

De-select Lag Time

LAG1

200

Select-to-Ready Time

Previous packet did not program an
address word; C

= 50 pf

RDY

Select-to-Ready Time

Previous packet programmed an
address word; C

= 50 pf

RDY

420

Ready High Time

Ready Lead Time

LEAD2

200

Not Ready Lag Time

= 50pf

LAG2

200

MOSI Data Setup Time

200

MOSI Data Hold Time

200

MISO Access Time

= 50pf

200

MISO Disable Time

DIS

300

MISO Data Valid Time

= 50pf

200

MISO Data Hold Time

SS High Time

SSH

200

SCK High Time

SCKH

300

SCK Low Time

SCKL

300

SCK Rise Time

20% to 70% V

SCK Fall Time

20% to 70% V

Note:

When the host reprograms an address word with a Host-to-FLEXTM chip packet ID > 127 (decimal), there
may be an added delay before FLEXTM chip is ready for another packet.

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MC68181

Pin-out and Package Information

3-4

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

Table 3-1

Signal by Pin Number

Pin # Signal Name Pin # Signal Name Pin # Signal Name Pin # Signal Name

OSCPD

LOBAT

READY

EXTS1

EXTS0

SCK

XTAL

EXTAL

SYMCLK

MOSI

MISO

RESET

CLKOUT

Note:

NC indicates reserved pins. These pins must not be connected to any external line.

To ensure proper chip operation, all V

pins must be connected to GND.

Table 3-2

Signal by Name

Signal Name Pin # Signal Name Pin # Signal Name Pin # Signal Name Pin #

CLKOUT

SYMCLK

EXTAL

EXTS0

EXTS1

OSCPD

LOBAT

READY

MISO

RESET

MOSI

SCK

XTAL

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MC68181

Pin-out and Package Information

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

3-5

Figure 3-3 32-pin Thin Quad Flat Pack (TQFP) Mechanical Information

CASE 873A-02

ISSUE A

DATE 12/16/93

DETAIL Y

BASE

METAL

SECTION AE-AE

SEATING

PLANE

0.250

GAUGE PLANE

DETAIL AD

NOTES:
1.

DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER ANSI
Y14.5M, 1982.

CONTROLLING DIMENSION: MILLIMETER.

DATUM PLANE -AB- IS LOCATED AT BOTTOM OF LEAD
AND IS COINCIDENT WITH THE LEAD WHERE THE
LEAD EXITS THE PLASTIC BODY AT THE BOTTOM OF
THE PARTING LINE.

DATUMS -T-, -U-, AND -Z- TO BE DETERMINED AT
DATUM PLANE -AB-.

DIMENSIONS S AND V TO BE DETERMINED AT
SEATING PLANE -AC-.

DIMENSIONS A AND B DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD
PROTRUSION. ALLOWABLE PROTRUSION IS 0.250
(0.010) PER SIDE. DIMENSIONS A AND B DO INCLUDE
MOLD MISMATCH AND ARE DETERMINED AT DATUM
PLANE -AB-.

DIMENSION D DOES NOT INCLUDE DAMBAR
PROTRUSION. DAMBAR PROTRUSION SHALL NOT
CAUSE THE D DIMENSION TO EXCEED 0.520.

MINIMUM SOLDER PLATE THICKNESS SHALL BE
0.0076.

EXACT SHAPE OF EACH CORNER MAY VARY FROM
DEPICTION.

DIM

MIN

MAX

7.000 BSC

MILLIMETERS

7.000 BSC

1.400

1.600

0.300

0.450

1.350

1.450

0.300

0.400

0.800 BSC

0.050

0.150

0.090

0.200

0.500

0.700

REF

0.090

0.160

0.400 BSC

0.150

0.250

9.000 BSC

4.500 BSC

DETAIL AD

3.500 BSC

9.000 BSC

4.500 BSC

0.200 REF

1.000 REF

-T-

-Z-

-U-

T-U

0.20 Z

T-U

0.20 Z

0.10

-AC-

-AB-

-T

-U-,

-Z-

T-U

0.20 Z

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MC68181

Ordering Drawings

3-6

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

ORDERING DRAWINGS

Complete mechanical information regarding MC68181 packaging is available by
facsimile through Motorola's MfaxTM system. Call the following number to obtain
information by facsimile:

The Mfax automated system requests the following information:

The receiving facsimile telephone number including area code or country
code

The caller's Personal Identification Number (PIN)

Note:

For first time callers, the system provides instructions for setting up a PIN,
which requires entry of a name and telephone number.

The type of information requested:

Instructions for using the system

A literature order form

Specific part technical information or data sheets

Other information described by the system messages

A total of three documents may be ordered per call.

The MC68181 32-pin TQFP package mechanical drawing is referenced as
873A-02.

(602) 244-6591

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MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

4-1

SECTION

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

THERMAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

An estimation of the chip junction temperature, T

, in

C can be obtained from the

equation:

Equation 1:

Where:

= ambient temperature °C

= package junction-to-ambient thermal resistance °C/W

= power dissipation in package

Historically, thermal resistance has been expressed as the sum of a junction-to-case
thermal resistance and a case-to-ambient thermal resistance:

Equation 2:

Where:

= package junction-to-ambient thermal resistance °C/W

= package junction-to-case thermal resistance °C/W

= package case-to-ambient thermal resistance °C/W

is device-related and cannot be influenced by the user. The user controls the

thermal environment to change the case-to-ambient thermal resistance, R

. For

example, the user can change the air flow around the device, add a heat sink, change
the mounting arrangement on the Printed Circuit Board, or otherwise change the
thermal dissipation capability of the area surrounding the device on a Printed Circuit
Board. This model is most useful for ceramic packages with heat sinks; some 90% of
the heat flow is dissipated through the case to the heat sink and out to the ambient
environment. For ceramic packages, in situations where the heat flow is split between
a path to the case and an alternate path through the Printed Circuit Board, analysis of
the device thermal performance may need the additional modeling capability of a
system level thermal simulation tool.

The thermal performance of plastic packages is more dependent on the temperature
of the Printed Circuit Board to which the package is mounted. Again, if the

(

)

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MC68181

Thermal Design Considerations

4-2

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

estimations obtained from R

do not satisfactorily answer whether the thermal

performance is adequate, a system level model may be appropriate.

A complicating factor is the existence of three common ways for determining the
junction-to-case thermal resistance in plastic packages:

To minimize temperature variation across the surface, the thermal resistance
is measured from the junction to the outside surface of the package (case)
closest to the chip mounting area when that surface has a proper heat sink.

To define a value approximately equal to a junction-to-board thermal
resistance, the thermal resistance is measured from the junction to where the
leads are attached to the case.

If the temperature of the package case (T

) is determined by a thermocouple,

the thermal resistance is computed using the value obtained by the equation
(T

)/P

As noted above, the junction-to-case thermal resistances quoted in this data sheet are
determined using the first definition. From a practical standpoint, that value is also
suitable for determining the junction temperature from a case thermocouple reading
in forced convection environments. In natural convection, using the junction-to-case
thermal resistance to estimate junction temperature from a thermocouple reading on
the case of the package will estimate a junction temperature slightly hotter than
actual temperature. Hence, the new thermal metric, Thermal Characterization
Parameter or

, has been defined to be

)/P

. This value gives a better estimate of the junction temperature in natural

convection when using the surface temperature of the package. Remember that
surface temperature readings of packages are subject to significant errors caused by
inadequate attachment of the sensor to the surface and to errors caused by heat loss to
the sensor. The recommended technique is to attach a 40-gauge thermocouple wire
and bead to the top center of the package with thermally conductive epoxy.

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MC68181

Application Design Considerations

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

4-3

APPLICATION DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

The FLEXTM chip IC connects to a receiver capable of converting a four-level
FSK-encoded audio signal into a 2-bit digital signal. The FLEXTM chip IC has eight
receiver control lines used for warming up and shutting down a receiver in stages.
The FLEXTM chip IC has dual bandwidth control signals for two post detection filter
bandwidths for receiving the two symbol rates of the FLEX signal. The FLEXTM chip
IC has the ability to detect a low battery signal during the receiver control sequences.
It interfaces to a host MCU through a standard SPI. It has a 38.4 kHz clock output
capable of driving other devices. It has a 1 minute timer that offers low power
support for time of day function on the host.

Figure 4-1

shows a typical application

block diagram.

Figure 4-1 Roaming FLEX

chip System Block Diagram

LNA

MC3374

MC13150

Mixer/Amp

MMBR961LT1

MR947T1
MC13143

Data

Frequency

Synthesizers

SPI

MRF1047T1

MRF927T1
MRF947T1

MRFIC0916
MRFIC0915

MRF947T1
MRF927T1

MRF2947AT1

MC141592

MC68181FDB

FLEX

Subsystem

MC68181

FSK RF In

2/4 level

Rec

Audio

AA1216

MC68HC08

MC68HC11/12

MC68328

MPC821

DSP56L811

2-bit

FM IF

ADC

SPI

PLL

VCO/Buffer

Host

Processor

IF STAGES

FLEX

A/O

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MC68181

Application Design Considerations

4-4

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

Figure 4-2

shows a recommended circuit for a 76.8 kHz crystal input.

Appendix A

of this document provides a background of the FLEX signal protocol.

Appendix B

provides a description of the way in which the MC68181 FLEXTM chip IC

handles packets through the SPI, including sections that describe transfer from the
host to the decoder from the decoder to the host.

Appendix C

provides a sample

application to illustrate how the MC68181 FLEXTM chip IC might be used in an
application.

Figure 4-2 Input Circuit for 76.8 kHz Crystal

AA1069

EXTAL

10 M

Ex: UT200 Crystal Sanyo

10 pF

C1
10 pF

XTAL

Note:

R1 can be increased in size to be used as a current limiter, if needed.

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MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

A-1

APPENDIX A

FLEX OVERVIEW

This appendix gives an overview of the FLEX protocol as it pertains to the Roaming
FLEX chip IC. This is only an overview and in the event that there is contradictory
information, the FLEX Protocol Specification prevails. This overview is derived from
Issue G1.8 of the FLEX Protocol Specification.

FLEX SIGNAL STRUCTURE

As shown in

Figure A-1

, a FLEX signal is transmitted on a radio channel and consists

of a series of four-minute cycles, each cycle having 128 frames at 1.875 seconds per
frame. A pager may be assigned to process any number of these frames. Any
unassigned frames are not processed, thus reducing power required for signal
processing and extending battery life. If required, however, the pager may
temporarily process more complex information, because individual FLEX cycles can
assign additional frames dynamically using collapse, fragmentation, temporary
addressing, or carry-on information within the FLEX signal.

Figure A-1 FLEXTM Signal Structure

Block 0

Frame

127

Frame

125

Frame

126

Frame

127

Sync 1 Frame

Info

Sync 2

One Frame = 1.875 s.

One Block =

One Cycle = 4 Minutes

Word Number

0 to 7

Block 9

Word Number

72 to 79

Block 10

Word Number

80 to 87

160 ms

AA1226

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MC68181

FLEX Frame Structure

A-2

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

FLEX FRAME STRUCTURE

As shown in

Figure A-1

on page A-1, each FLEX frame consists of:

Synchronization portion

Data portion--Eleven data blocks lasting 160 milliseconds each

Frame Synchronization Portion

The synchronization portion consists of:

First synchronization signal at 1600 bps

Frame Information Word including:

Frame Number 0127 (7 bits)

Cycle Number 014 (4 bits)

Second synchronization signal at the data rate of the interleaved portion.

FIRST SYNCHRONIZATION SIGNAL

The first synchronization signal is transmitted at 1600 bps and provides a signal to
lock onto the specific frame.

FRAME INFORMATION WORD

The Frame Information Word transmits 11 bits that are divided into a 7-bit frame
number and a 4-bit cycle number. This allows the pager to identify the frame and the
cycle in which it resides uniquely.

SECOND SYNCHRONIZATION SIGNAL

The second synchronization signal indicates the rate at which the data portion is
transmitted, 1600, 3200 or 6400 bits per second.

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MC68181

FLEX Frame Structure

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

A-3

The 1600 bps rate is transmitted as a single phase of information (A), as shown in

Figure A-2

on page A-3, at 1600 symbols per second using 2-level Frequency Shift

Keyed (FSK) modulation.

Figure A-2 FLEXTM Signal Structure for 1600 BPS

BIW

Address

Field

Vector

Field

Message Field

Idle Field

1600 BPS

PHASE A

Block 0

Frame

127

Frame

125

Frame

126

Frame

127

Sync 1 Frame

Info

Sync 2

One Frame = 1.875 s.

One Block =

One Cycle = 4 Minutes

Word Number

0 to 7

Block 9

Word Number

72 to 79

Block 10

Word Number

80 to 87

160 ms

AA1227

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MC68181

FLEX Frame Structure

A-4

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

The 3200 bps rate is transmitted as two concurrent phases of information (A and C),
as shown in

Figure A-3

, at either:

1600 symbols per second using 4-level FSK modulation, or

3200 symbols per second using 2-level FSK modulation.

Figure A-3 FLEXTM Signal Structure for 3200 BPS

BIW

Address

Field

Vector

Field

Message Field

Idle Field

BIW

Address

Field

Vector

Field

Message Field

Idle Field

3200 BPS

PHASE A

PHASE C

Block 0

Frame

127

Frame

125

Frame

126

Frame

127

Sync 1 Frame

Info

Sync 2

One Frame = 1.875 s.

One Block =

One Cycle = 4 Minutes

Word Number

0 to 7

Block 9

Word Number

72 to 79

Block 10

Word Number

80 to 87

160 ms

AA1228

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MC68181

FLEX Frame Structure

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

A-5

The 6400 bps rate is transmitted as four concurrent phases of information (A,B, C, and
D), as shown in

Figure A-4

, at 3200 symbols per second using 4-level FSK

modulation.

Frame Data Portion

As noted above, there are eleven data blocks following the frame synchronization
portion of each frame. Each block has eight interleaved words per phase, numbered
087 contiguously for all eleven blocks, in every frame. Each word has information
that allows for bit error correction and detection contained within an error correcting
code.

Each of the eighty-eight words in each phase is organized into the following five
fields:

Figure A-4 FLEXTM Signal Structure For 6400 BPS

BIW

Address

Field

Vector

Field

Message Field

Idle Field

BIW

Address

Field

Vector

Field

Message Field

Idle Field

BIW

Address

Field

Vector

Field

Message Field

Idle

BIW

Address

Field

Vector

Field

Message Field

Field

PHASE A

PHASE B

PHASE C

PHASE D

6400 BPS

Block 0

Frame

127

Frame

125

Frame

126

Frame

127

Sync 1 Frame

Info

Sync 2

One Frame = 1.875 s.

One Block =

One Cycle = 4 Minutes

Word Number

0 to 7

Block 9

Word Number

72 to 79

Block 10

Word Number

80 to 87

160 ms

AA1229

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MC68181

FLEX Frame Structure

A-6

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

Block information field

Address field

Vector field

Message field

Idle field

The boundaries between the fields are independent of the block boundaries.
Furthermore, at 3200 and 6400 bps, the information in one phase is independent of
the information in a concurrent phase, and the boundaries between the fields of one
phase are unrelated to the boundaries between the fields in a concurrent phase.

BLOCK INFORMATION FIELD

The block information field may contain information words for determining time and
date information and certain paging system information.

ADDRESS FIELD

The address field contains addresses assigned to paging devices. Addresses are used
to identify information sent to individual paging devices and/or groups of paging
devices. An address may be either a "short" one word address or a "long" two word
address. Information in the FLEX signal may indicate that an address is a priority
address. An address may be a "tone only" address, in which case there is no
additional information associated with the address.

VECTOR FIELD

The vector field consists of a series of vector words. Depending upon the type of
message, a vector word (or words in the case of a long address) may either contain all
of the information necessary for the message, or indicate the location of message
words in the message field comprising the message information. If an address is not a
tone only address, then there is an associated vector word in the vector field.
Information in the FLEX signal indicates the location of the vector word. Short
addresses have one associated vector word and long addresses two associated vector
words. A pager may go to low power mode at the end of the address field if its
address(es) is (are) not detected, thus resulting in battery savings.

MESSAGE FIELD

The message field consists of a series of information words containing message
information. The message information may be formatted in ASCII, BCD, or binary
depending upon the message type. The following sections provide a detailed
description of the various types of information words that may be used in the
message field.

IDLE FIELD

The idle field is used to separate blocks.

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MC68181

FLEX Message Word Definitions

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

A-7

FLEX MESSAGE WORD DEFINITIONS

Numeric Data Message

The following tables describe the bit format of the numeric messages. The 4-bit
numeric characters of the message are designated as lower case letters a, b, c, d, etc.

Table A-1

Standard (V = 011) or Special Format (V = 100) Numeric Vectors

Message

Word

i0 i1 i2 i3 i4 i5 i6 i7 i8 i9 i10 i11 i12 i13 i14 i15 i16 i17 i18 i19 i20

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

7th

8th

Table A-2

Numbered (V = 111) Numeric Vector

Message

Word

i0 i1 i2 i3 i4 i5 i6 i7 i8 i9 i10 i11 i12 i13 i14 i15 i16 i17 i18 i19 i20

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

7th

8th

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MC68181

FLEX Message Word Definitions

A-8

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

MESSAGE FILL RULES

For numeric messages of thirty-six characters or less (thirty-four characters if
numbered), fewer than eight code words on the channel are required. Only code
words containing the numeric message are to be transmitted. The space character
($C) should be used to fill any unused 4-bit characters in the last word and zeros to
fill any remaining partial characters. The check sum is correspondingly shortened to
include only the code words comprising the shortened message along with the space
and fill characters used to fill in the last word.

SPECIAL FORMAT NUMERIC

Spaces and dashes as specified by the host are inserted into the received message.
This feature in certain markets saves the transmission of an additional word on the
channel. As an example, in the U.S. market a 10-character string (area code plus
telephone number) fits into two message words; if the dashes or parentheses are to be

Table A-3

Numeric Message Bit Definitions

Symbol

Definition

6-bit Message Check Character (First 4 bits are in the vector word)

--This check

character is calculated by initializing the message check character (K) to 0 and
summing the information bits of each code word in the message, (including control
information and termination characters and bits in the last message word) to a check
sum register. The information bits of each word are broken into three groups: the first
is the 8 bits comprising i

through i

, the second group comprises bits i

through i

and the third group comprises bits i

through i

. Bits i

, i

, and i

are the LSBs of

each group. The binary sum is calculated, and the result is shortened to the eight
Least Significant Bits. The two Most Significant Bits are shifted 6 bits to the right and
summed with the six Least Significant Bits to form a new sum. This resultant sum is
one's complemented with the six LSBs of the result being transmitted as the message
check character.

Message Number

--When the system supports message retrieval, the system

controller assigns message numbers (for each paging address separately) starting at
zero and progressing up to a maximum of sixty-three in consecutive order. The actual
maximum roll over number is defined in the pager code plug to accommodate values
set in the system infrastructure. When message numbers are not received in order,
the subscriber should assume a message has been missed. The subscriber or the pager
may determine the missing message number(s) allowing a request to be made for
retrieval. When a normal unnumbered numeric message is received (Message
Retrieval Flag = 0), it is not to be included in the missed message calculation.

Message Retrieval Flag

--When this bit is set to 1, the pager expects to see messages

numbered in order (each address numbered separately). Detection of a missing
number indicates a missed message. A message received with R = 0 is allowed to be
out of order and shall not cause the pager to indicate that a message has been missed.

Special Format

--In the numbered message format, this bit set to 1 indicates that a

special display format should be used.

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MC68181

FLEX Message Word Definitions

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

A-9

included in the message, a third message word on the channel is required. The actual
placement can be programmed into the paging device and can vary between markets.

Hex/Binary Message

The following tables describe the bit format of the Hex/Binary messages. The data of
the message is designated as lower case letters a, b, c, d, etc. Hex/binary messages
can be sent as fragments. The service provider has the option of dividing the message
into several pieces and sending the separate pieces at any time within a given time
period.

Table A-4

Vector Type V = 110 First Only Fragment

Message

Word

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

...

nth

Table A-5

Vector Type V=110 All Other Fragments

Message

Word

i0 i1 i2 i3 i4 i5 i6 i7 i8 i9 i10 i11 i12 i13 i14 i15 i16 i17 i18 i19 i20

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

...

nth

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MC68181

FLEX Message Word Definitions

A-10

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

Table A-6

Hex/Binary Message Bit Definitions

Symbol

Definition

12-bit Fragment Check Sum

--This check sum is calculated by initializing the

Fragment Check Sum field (K) to 0 and calculating a sum over the information bits of
each code word in the message fragment (including control information and
termination characters/bits in the last fragment word). This sum requires that the
information bits of each word be broken into three groups: the first is the 8 bits
comprising i

through i

, the second group comprises bits i

through i

, and the

third group comprises bits i

through i

. Bits i

, i

, and i

are the LSBs of each

group. The binary sum is calculated over all code words in the fragment, the one's
complement of the sum is determined, and the twelve LSBs of the result is placed into
the Fragment Check Sum field to be transmitted at the beginning of the fragment.

1-bit Message Continued Flag

--When set to 1, this flag indicates fragments of this

message are to be expected in any or possibly all of the following frames until a
fragment with C = 0 is found. The longest message that fits into a frame is eighty-four
code words. Three alpha characters per word yields a maximum message of 252
characters in a frame, assuming no other traffic. Messages longer than this value must
be sent as several fragments.

2-bit Message Fragment Number

--This is a modulo 3 message fragment number

that is incremented by 1 in successive message fragments. The initial fragment starts
at 11 and each following fragment is incremented by 1 modulo 3, (11, 00, 01, 10, 00, 01,
10, 00, etc.). The 11 state (after the initial fragment) is skipped in this process to avoid
confusion with the single fragment of a non-continued message. The final fragment is
indicated by the Message Continued Flag being reset to 0.

Message Number

--When the system supports message retrieval the system

controller assigns message numbers (for each paging address separately) starting at 0
and progressing up to a maximum of 63 in consecutive order. The actual maximum
roll over number is defined in the pager code plug to accommodate values set in the
system infrastructure. When message numbers are not received in order, the
subscriber should assume a message has been missed. The subscriber or the pager
may determine the missing message number(s) allowing a request to be made for
retrieval. When a normal unnumbered numeric message is received (message
retrieval flag is equal to 0), it is not to be included in the missed message calculation.
This number is also used to identify fragments of the same message. Multiple
messages to the same address must have separate message numbers. An exception to
this rule is the header message tied to a transparent message, each with the same
message number.

Message Retrieval Flag

--When this bit is set to 1, the pager expects to see messages

numbered in order (each address numbered separately). Detection of a missing
number indicates a missed message. A message received with R = 0 is allowed to be
out of order and not cause the pager to indicate that a message has been missed.

1-bit Mail Drop Flag

--When set to 1, this bit indicates the message is to be stored in

a special area in memory. It automatically writes over existing data in that memory
space.

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MC68181

FLEX Message Word Definitions

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

A-11

MESSAGE CONTENT

Starting with the first character of the third word in the message (second word in the
remaining fragments), each 4-bit field represents one of any of the sixteen possible
combinations with no restrictions (data may be binary).

FRAGMENT TERMINATION

Unused bits in the last message word of a fragment are filled with all 0s or all 1s,
depending on the last valid data bit. This choice is always the opposite polarity of the
last valid data bit. For first fragments and inner fragments of a multi-fragment

1-bit Display Direction Field

= 0--Display left to right

= 1--Display right to left (valid only when data sent as characters (i.e.,

Blocking Length not equal 0001)).

1-bit Header Message

= 1--Indicates that this message is a header to a following transparent

message of the same message number

= 0--Implies message is not a header

4-bit Blocking Length

--This bit field indicates the number of bits per character.

= 0001--1 bit per character (binary/transparent data)

= 1111--15 bits per character

= 0000--16 bits per character

Data with blocking length other than 1 is assumed to be displayed on a character by
character basis. (default value = 0001)

5-bit Field Reserved for future use

--Default value = 00000

8-bit Signature Field

--The signature is defined to be the one's complement of the

binary sum over the total message taken 8 bits at a time prior to formatting into
fragments. It would be equivalent to a binary sum starting with the first 8 bits directly
following the signature field (b

+ d

and so on) and

continuing all the way to the last valid data bit in the last word of the last fragment.
The 8 Least Significant Bits of the result are inverted (one's complement) and
transmitted as the message signature.

Note:

Fields R through S are only in the first fragment of a message. The fields K through N make up
the first word of every fragment in a long message.

This sum does not include any termination bits and should be calculated directly on the message
as received by the terminal. The device generating the signature should be able to calculate
before the fragmenting boundaries are determined.

Table A-6

Hex/Binary Message Bit Definitions (Continued)

Symbol

Definition

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MC68181

FLEX Message Word Definitions

A-12

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

message, the message is interrupted (stopped) on the last full character boundary in
the last code word in the fragment. Any unused bits follow the rule just stated. The
final fragment follows the above rules except when the last character is all 1s or all 0s
and it exactly fills the last code word. In this case, an additional word must be sent of
opposite polarity of all 1s or all 0s to signify the position of the last character, thus
allowing that last character to be an all 1s or an all 0s character pattern.

Note:

This is always the case when a binary message ends in the last bit of the last
word.

MESSAGE HEADER

A message header is designated by setting the H bit to 1. This is a displayable tag
associated with a transparent non-displayable data message. The tag and the
associated message are complete in themselves. The pager associates the header
message with the data file based on the two having the same message number and
being sent in sequence (header first followed by data file).

Alphanumeric Message

The following tables describe the bit format of the alphanumeric messages. The 7-bit
characters of the message are designated as lower case letters a, b, c, d, etc.
Alphanumeric messages can be sent as fragments. The service provider has the
option of dividing the message into several pieces and sending the separate pieces at
any time within a given time period.

Table A-7

Vector type V = 101 First Only Fragment

Message

Word

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

...

nth

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MC68181

FLEX Message Word Definitions

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

A-13

Table A-8

Vector type V = 101 Other Fragment

Message

Word

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

...

nth

Table A-9

Alphanumeric Message Bit Definitions

Symbol

Definition

10-bit Fragment Check Character

--This check character is calculated by initializing

the fragment check character (K) to 0 and summing the information bits of each code
word in the message fragment (including control information and termination
characters and bits in the last message word) to a check sum register. The information
bits of each word are broken into three groups: the first is the 8 bits comprising i

through i

, the second group comprises bits i

through i

, and the third group

comprises bits i

through i

. Bits i

, i

, and i

are the LSBs of each group. The binary

sum is calculated, the one's complement of the sum is determined, and the ten LSBs of
the result is transmitted as the message check character.

1-bit Message Continued Flag

--When set, this flag indicates fragments of this

message are to be expected in following frames. The longest message that fits into a
frame is 84 code words total. Three alpha characters per word yields a maximum
message of 252 characters in a frame, assuming no other traffic. Messages longer than
this value must be sent as several fragments.

2-bit Message Fragment Number

--This is a modulo 3 message fragment number that

is incremented by 1 in successive message fragments. Initial fragments start at 11 and
increment 1 for each successive fragment. The 11 state (after the start fragment) is
skipped in this process to avoid confusion with an initial fragment of a non-continued
message. The final fragment is indicated by Message Continued Flag being cleared.

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MC68181

FLEX Message Word Definitions

A-14

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

MESSAGE CONTENT

Starting with the second character of the second word in the message (1st character of
the second word in all remaining fragments), each 7-bit field represents Standard
ASCII (ISO 646-1983E) characters with options for certain International characters.

MESSAGE TERMINATION

The ASCII character ETX (03) should be used to fill any unused 7-bit characters in a
word. In the case where symbolic characters are being transmitted, special rules for
fragment and message termination are defined in the following information on
Alphanumeric Message Rules for Symbolic Characters Sets.

Message Number

--When the system supports message retrieval, the system controller

assigns message numbers (for each paging address separately) starting at 0 and
progressing up to a maximum of 63 in consecutive order. The actual maximum roll
over number is defined in the pager code plug to accommodate values set in the system
infrastructure. When message numbers are not received in order, the subscriber should
assume a message has been missed. The subscriber or the pager may determine the
missing message number(s), allowing a request to be made for retrieval. When a
normal unnumbered numeric message is received (message retrieval flag is equal to 0),
it is not to be included in the missed message calculation. This number is also used to
identify fragments of the same message. Multiple messages to the same address must
have separate message numbers.

Message Retrieval Flag

--When this bit is set, the pager expects to see messages

1-bit Mail drop Flag

--When set, this flag indicates the message is to be stored in a

special area in memory. It automatically writes over existing data in that memory
space.

7-bit Signature Field

--The signature is defined to be the one's complement of the

binary sum over the total message (all fragments) taken 7 bits at a time (on alpha
character boundary) starting with the first 7 bits directly following the signature field
(a6a5a4a3a2a1a0, b6b5b4b3b2b1b0, etc.). The seven Least Significant Bits of the result
are transmitted as the message signature.

, V

Fragmentation control bits

--This field exists in all fragments except the first fragment.

It is used to support character position tracking in each fragment when symbolic
characters (characters made up of 1, 2, or 3 ASCII characters) are transmitted using the
Alphanumeric message type. The default value for the U, V pair is 0, 0. See

Enhanced

Fragmentation Rules

on page A-15 for more information.

Table A-9

Alphanumeric Message Bit Definitions (Continued)

Symbol

Definition

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MC68181

FLEX Message Word Definitions

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

A-15

ALPHANUMERIC MESSAGE RULES FOR SYMBOLIC CHARACTERS SETS

In the past, paging protocols have supported symbolic characters (e.g., Chinese,
Kanji, etc.) using a 7-bit ASCII protocol. When the FLEX Alphanumeric mode is used
to carry this same signaling format, special fragmenting rules are required to
maintain character boundaries, so performance is optimized under poor signal
conditions. The following rules allow character positions within a fragment to be
determined when prior fragments are missing.

ENHANCED FRAGMENTATION RULES

The pager must recognize <NUL> characters only at the end of fragments
where they are used as fill characters. The pager must remove these characters
so that the displayed message is not affected. In all other positions the NUL
character must be considered a result of channel errors. (This provides a
method to end each fragment with a complete character and does not disrupt
the pager that is not capable of following all of the EF (Enhanced
Fragmenting) rules.)

The last fragment is to be completed by filling unused character positions
with <ETX> characters or <NUL> characters. (Original FLEX alphanumeric
message definition (<ETX>) plus the new <NUL> requirement.) When the
message ends exactly in the last character position in the last BCH codeword,
no additional <ETX> is required.

The U and V bits in the message header are available in all fragments
following the initial fragment to aid in decoding. In the first fragment, the
pager must assume the message starts in the default Character mode. For the
second and remaining fragments, the definition of the (U,V) field is as shown
in the following table.

When the EF field is 00, the pager decodes messages, allowing characters to be split
between fragments. When the U, V field is not 0, 0, each fragment starts on a
character boundary with the character mode defined by the above table.

SECURE MESSAGE

The following tables describe the bit format of the secure messages. The 7-bit
characters of the message are designated as lower case letters a, b, c, d, etc. Secure
messages can be sent as fragments. The service provider has the option of dividing
the message into several pieces and sending the separate pieces at any time within a
given time period.

Table A-10

U and V Field Definition

Definition

EF not supported in controller

Reserved (for a second alternate character mode)

Default Character Mode--start position 1

Alternate Character Mode--start position 1

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MC68181

FLEX Message Word Definitions

A-16

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

Table A-11

Vector type V = 000 All Fragments

Message

Word

i0 i1 i2 i3 i4 i5 i6 i7 i8 i9 i10 i11 i12 i13 i14 i15 i16 i17 i18 i19 i20

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

...

nth

Table A-12

Secure Message Bit Definitions

Symbol

Definition

10-bit Fragment Check Character

--This check character is calculated by initializing

through i

, the second group comprises bits i

through i

, and the third group

comprises bits i

through i

. Bits i

, i

, and i

are the LSBs of each group. The binary

sum is calculated, the one's complement of the sum is determined, and the ten LSBs of
the result is transmitted as the message check character.

1-bit Message Continued Flag

--When set, the Message Continued Flag indicates

fragments of this message are to be expected in following frames. The longest message
that fits into a frame is 84 code words total. Three alpha characters per word yields a
maximum message of 252 characters in a frame, assuming no other traffic. Messages
longer than this value must be sent as several fragments.

2-bit Message Fragment Number

--This is a modulo 3 message fragment number that

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MC68181

FLEX Message Word Definitions

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

A-17

MESSAGE CONTENT

Starting with the first character of the second word in the message (and 1st character
of all remaining fragments), each 7-bit field represents Standard ASCII (ISO 646-
1983E) characters with options for certain International characters.

MESSAGE TERMINATION

The ASCII character ETX (03) should be used to fill any unused 7-bit characters in a
word.

FLEX Encoding and Decoding Rules

The encoding and decoding rules identify the minimum requirements that must be
met by the paging device, paging terminal, or other encoding equipment to properly
format a FLEX data stream for RF transmission and to successfully decode it.

FLEX ENCODING RULES

The stability of the encoder clock used to establish time positions of FLEX
frames must be no worse than

25 ppm (including worst case temperature

and aging effects).

A maximum of two occurrences of an identical individual or radio group
address is allowed in any frame for unfragmented messages. This rule applies
across all phases in a multi-phase frame. For example, for decoding devices
that support any-phase addressing, an any-phase address may appear at once
in two different phases in a single multi-phase frame.

Once an individual or radio group address is used to begin transmitting a
fragmented message, that same address must not be used to start a new

Message Number

--When the system supports message retrieval, the system

controller assigns message numbers (for each paging address separately) starting at 0
and progressing up to a maximum of 63 in consecutive order. The actual maximum
roll over number is defined in the pager code plug to accommodate values set in the
system infrastructure. When message numbers are not received in order, the
subscriber should assume a message has been missed. The subscriber or the pager may
determine the missing message number(s) allowing a request to be made for retrieval.
When a normal unnumbered numeric message is received (message retrieval flag is
equal to 0), it is not to be included in the missed message calculation. This number is
also used to identify fragments of the same message. Multiple messages to the same
address must have separate message numbers.

Spare Bit

--not used and set to 0

Table A-12

Secure Message Bit Definitions

Symbol

Definition

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MC68181

FLEX Message Word Definitions

A-18

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

fragmented transmission until the first fragmented transmission has been
completed.

For the duration of time that an individual or radio group address is being
used to send a fragmented message, that same address must not appear more
than once in any frame to send an unfragmented message.

Once a specific dynamic group address (temporary address) is assigned to a
group, it must not be reused until its associated message has been transmitted
in its entirety. Given this constraint, the same dynamic group address can
only appear once in any frame.

A dynamic group address cannot be used to set up a second dynamic group.

Messages using any of the three defined numeric vectors (V

= 011, 100,

and 111) cannot be fragmented, and thus must be completely contained in a
single frame.

Fragments of the same message must be sent at a frequency of at least 1 every
32 frames (i.e., at least once a minute) or 1 every 128 frames (i.e., at least once
every 4 minutes) as specified by the service provider.

Enhanced message fragmenting for symbolic character transmission requires
that the encoder track character boundaries within each fragment in order to
avoid character splitting.

Message numbering as an optional feature is offered by some carriers and
available on an individual subscriber basis.

Message numbers must be assigned sequentially in ascending order.

Message number sequences must be separately maintained for each
individual and radio group address.

Message numbers are not used (retrieval message number disabled) in
conjunction with a dynamic group address.

When a missed message is re-transmitted from message retrieval storage, the
message must have R = 0 to avoid creating an out of sequence message that
may cause the pager to indicate a missed message.

FLEX DECODING RULES

FLEX decoding devices may implement either single-phase addressing or
any-phase addressing.

FLEX decoding devices that support the numeric vector type (V

= 011)

must also support the short message vector (V

= 010) with the message

type (t

) set to 00.

FLEX decoding devices that support the alphanumeric vector type (V

101) must support the numeric vector type (V

= 011) and the short

message vector (V

= 010) with the message type (t

) set to 00. FLEX

paging devices that implement any-phase and support the alphanumeric
vector type (V

= 101) must also support the short instruction vector

= 001) with the instruction type (i

) set to 000.

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MC68181

FLEX Message Word Definitions

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

A-19

FLEX decoding devices must be capable of decoding frames at all of the
following combinations of data rate and modulation mode. They are:
1600 bps, 2 level; 3200 bps, 2 level; 3200 bps, 4 level; 6400 bps, 4 level.

FLEX decoding devices must be designed to tolerate 4 minute fragment
separation times.

FLEX Character Sets and Rules

ALPHANUMERIC CHARACTER SET

The following tables define the characters to be displayed in the FLEX Alphanumeric
Message mode. Control characters that are not acted upon by the pager are ignored in
the display process (do not require display space), but are stored in memory for
possible download to an external device.

Table A-13

Alphanumeric Character Set

Least Significant 4

bits of character

Most Significant 3 bits of character

NUL

DLE

SOH

DC1

STX

DC2

ETX

DC3

EOT

DC4

ENQ

NAK

ACK

SYN

BEL

ETB

CAN

(

TAB

)

SUB

ESC

;

[

{

]

}

DEL

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MC68181

FLEX Message Word Definitions

A-20

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

NUMERIC CHARACTER SET

The following tables define the characters to be displayed in the FLEX Numeric
Message mode.

Table A-14

Standard Character Set (Peoples Republic of China Option Off)

Character

Spare

Space

]

[

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MC68181

FLEX Message Word Definitions

A-22

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

FLEX Local Time And Date

The FLEX protocol allows for systems to transmit time information in its Block
Information Field. When a system provider supports local time transmissions, the
system provider is required, at a minimum, to transmit at least one time related block
information word in each phase transmitted in frame 0, cycle 0. The time transmitted
is the local time for the transmitted time zone and refers to the actual time at the
leading edge of the first bit of Sync 1 of Frame 0 of the current cycle. The information
carried in the s bits of the block information word depend on the value of the f bits of
the block information word. The following sections describe the bit definitions of the
time related block information words.

MONTH/DAY/YEAR

SECOND/MINUTE/HOUR

Table A-16

Month/Day/Year Block Information Word Definition

001

Note:

m = Month field

--0001 through 1100 (binary) correspond to

January through December, respectively
d = Day field

--00001 through 11111 (binary) correspond to 1

through 31, respectively
Y = Year field

--This represents the year with modulo arithmetic.

00000 through 11111 (binary) representing 1994 through 2025,
2026 through 2057, etc.

Table A-17

Second/Minute/Hour Block Information Word Definition

010

Note:

S = Second field

--This represents a coarse value of the seconds

field. These bits represent the seconds in eighth of a minute (7.5
second) increments. 000 through 111 (binary) correspond to 0
through 52.5 seconds, respectively
M = Minute field

--000000 through 111011 (binary) correspond to 0

through 59, respectively
H = Hour field

--00000 through 10111 (binary) correspond to 0

through 23, respectively.

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MC68181

FLEX Message Word Definitions

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

A-23

ACCURATE SECONDS/DAYLIGHT SAVINGS TIME/TIME ZONE

Table A-18

System Message Block Information Word Definition

Description

101

System Message

Note:

When the s

field is set to 0100 or 0101, the other s

through s

are defined as

above. The system messages with the s

field set to some other value do not contain

time related information.

S = Accurate Seconds

--This field provides a more accurate seconds reference and can be

used to adjust the seconds to within 1 second. This field represents how much time should
be added to the coarse seconds in sixty-fourth of a minute increments.
L = Daylight Savings Time

--When this bit is set, the time being transmitted is local

standard time. When it is clear, the time being transmitted is Daylight Savings Time.
z = Time Zone

--These bits indicate the time zone for which the time is being transmitted.

The offset from GMT is the offset for local standard time. The following table describes the
values for z.

Table A-19

Time Zone Values

Time Zone

00000

GMT

01011

GMT + 1100

10110

GMT 1000

00001

GMT + 0100

01100

GMT + 1200

10111

GMT 0900

00010

GMT + 0200

01101

GMT + 0330

11000

GMT 0800

00011

GMT + 0300

01110

GMT + 0430

11001

GMT 0700

00100

GMT + 0400

01111

GMT + 0530

11010

GMT 0600

00101

GMT + 0500

10000

RESERVED

11011

GMT 0500

00110

GMT + 0600

10001

GMT + 0545

11100

GMT 0400

00111

GMT + 0700

10010

GMT + 0630

11101

GMT 0300

01000

GMT + 0800

10011

GMT + 0930

11110

GMT 0200

01001

GMT + 0900

10100

GMT 0330

11111

GMT 0100

01010

GMT + 1000

10101

GMT 1100

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MC68181

FLEX Message Word Definitions

A-24

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

FLEX CAPCODES

In order to send messages to a FLEX decoding device, the FLEX service provider
must know the device's address, the address type (single-phase, any-phase, or
all-phase), the address's assigned phase, the address's assigned frame, and the
address's battery cycle. This information is typically included in a FLEX CAPCODE.
The assignment of CAPCODEs is regulated to prevent duplication of addresses on a
system. Check with your FLEX service provider or other appropriate regulatory body
for FLEX CAPCODE assignments. The following paragraphs describe what these
parameters define.

The device address consists of one or two 21-bit words. A one-word address is called
a short address, while a two-word address is called a long address. Address words
are separated into ranges according to the following table

Table A-20

Address Word Range Definition

Type

Hexadecimal Value

Idle Word (Illegal Address)

000000

Long Address 1

000001008000

Short Address

0080011E0000

Long Address 3

1E00011E8000

Long Address 4

1E80011F0000

Short Address (Reserved)

1F00011F27FF

Info Service Address

1F28001F67FF

Network Address

1F68001F77FF

Temporary Address

1F78001F780F

Operator Messaging Address

1F78101F781F

Short Address (Reserved)

1F78201F7FFE

Long Address 2

1F7FFF1FFFFE

Idle Word (Illegal Address)

1FFFFF

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MC68181

FLEX Message Word Definitions

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

A-25

Long addresses are grouped into the sets listed in

Table A-21

The address type indicates how messages on a particular address can be delivered in
multi-phase FLEX frames. Messages sent on single-phase addresses can only be
delivered in a particular phase (a, b, c, or d). Messages sent on any-phase addresses
can be delivered in any phase, but a single message is limited to a single phase per
frame. Messages sent on all-phase addresses can be delivered in any phase, and a
single message can be spread across multiple phases in a single frame. All-phase
messaging is a future feature of FLEX and has not been completely defined.

The assigned phase is required only for single-phase devices. It determines the phase
(a, b, c, or d) in which the messages is sent.

The assigned frame and battery cycle determine the frames in which the decoding
device typically looks for messages (other system factors can cause the decoding
device to look in other frames in addition to the typical frames).

The battery cycle is a number between 0 and 7 and defines how often the decoding
device looks for messages on the FLEX channel. For a given battery cycle, b, the
decoding device looks in every 2

frames. Thus, an address with an assigned frame of

3 and a battery cycle of 5 typically looks for messages in frame 3 and every 32 frames
thereafter (i.e., frames 3, 35, 67, and 99).

The FLEX CAPCODE is defined to represent either a short or a long address. The
short address is defined in the FLEX protocol as one code word on the RF channel
and is represented by a 7-digit decimal field. The long address is defined in the FLEX
protocol as two code words on the RF channel and is represented by a 9- or 10-digit
decimal field. The long addresses in set 12 are represented by a 9-digit decimal field.
The long addresses in sets 13, 14, 23, and 24 are represented by a 10-digit decimal
field. An alphabetic character known as the "CAPCODE type" always precedes the
7-, 9-, or 10-digit decimal address field. The CAPCODE type indicates the type of
address and distinguishes FLEX CAPCODEs from CAPCODEs of other paging
protocols.

Table A-21

Long Address Sets

Long Address Set

First Word

Second Word

Long Address 1

Long Address 2

Long Address 1

Long Address 3

Long Address 1

Long Address 4

Long Address 2

Long Address 3

Long Address 2

Long Address 4

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MC68181

FLEX Message Word Definitions

A-26

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

CAPCODE TYPE

Example CAPCODEs are shown in

Table A-22

. The CAPCODE type can be any of

"A" through "L" or "U" through "Z". The CAPCODE types "A" through "L"
indicate that the standard rules are used to derive the assigned frame and phase
information from the address field. (See

Standard Frame and Phase Embedding

Rules

on page A-27.) For these CAPCODE types, the battery cycle (indicated as a "b"

in Example 1) is indicated by a single decimal digit "0" through "7" preceding the
CAPCODE type. When the FLEX standard battery cycle of 4 (16-frame cycle) is used,
the battery cycle digit is not required (see Example 2 in

Table A-22

The CAPCODE types "U" through "Z" indicate that the standard frame and phase
embedding rules were not used and additional information is required. The phase
assignment can be derived from the CAPCODE type, as described in

Table A-23

page A-28. The 3-digit decimal frame assignment "000" through "127" (indicated by
"fff" in example 3) and single digit decimal battery cycle "0" through "7" (indicated as
a "b" in Example 3 in

Table A-22

) may precede this CAPCODE type. The frame and

battery cycle fields are not required. When they are not included (see Example 4 in

Table A-22

), the paging device or the subscriber database must be accessed to

determine the assigned frame and battery cycle.

The extended CAPCODE is a regular CAPCODE with a 10-digit address field and
preceded by an extra alphabetic character "P" through "S". These CAPCODEs are
used to provide additional information required for roaming devices.

By using the convention of 7 digits to represent short addresses, 9 digits to represent
some of the long addresses in set 12, and 10 digits to represent the balance of long
addresses, it is possible to differentiate between the different types of addresses. The
range of the decimal address field consists of the numbers 1 through 5,370,810,366
where short and other single code word addresses fall below 2,031,615 and Long
addresses are above 2,101,248. The goal in displaying a CAPCODE is to use the
shortest form possible. Even though the non-standard form could represent a
standard assignment, the standard form is chosen to indicate that it is a standard
assignment. All CAPCODE forms, except Example 4 in

Table A-22

, contain the

information required to send a message to a subscriber unit.

Table A-22

FLEX CAPCODE Examples

Example

Short

Long

Extended

1234567

123456789

RbA

1234567890

1234567

123456789

1234567890

fffbU

1234567

fffbU

123456789

RfffbU

1234567890

1234567

123456789

1234567890

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MC68181

FLEX Message Word Definitions

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

A-27

STANDARD FRAME AND PHASE EMBEDDING RULES

Maximum battery life in a FLEX decoding device is achieved when all of the
addresses assigned to a device are in the same frame. For single-phase decoding
devices, it is a requirement for all assigned addresses to be in the same phase.

Normally, it is very desirable to spread the population of FLEX subscriber units on a
system across all four phases of all 128 frames. Frame and phase spreading can be
performed automatically as addresses are assigned sequentially by embedding that
information into the 7-, 9-, and 10-digit decimal FLEX address.

The standard procedure for deriving the phase and frame values from the CAPCODE
starts by separating the 7-, 9-, or 10-digit decimal address portion (field to the right of
the CAPCODE type) and performing a decimal to binary conversion. The Least
Significant Bit (LSB) is labeled bit "0". The following bits "2 and 3" in order, specify
phases 00, 01, 10, or 11 for phase 0,1,2,3 (a, b, c, d), and bits "410" represent frames
"000" through "127".

The frame and phase can also be derived from the 7-, 9-, or 10-digit decimal address
by using modulo arithmetic (base 10) where:

Phase = (Integer (Addr/4)) Modulo 4
Frame = (Integer (Addr/16)) Modulo 128

When these rules are used, and addresses are assigned in order, the phase increments
after four consecutive addresses are assigned, while the frame is incremented after
sixteen addresses are assigned.

CAPCODE ALPHA CHARACTER DEFINITION

The alpha character in the FLEX CAPCODE indicates the type of decoding device to
which the address is assigned. The types include single-phase, any-phase, or all-
phase. It also indicates if the address is the first, second, third, or fourth address in the
subscriber unit (when addresses are assigned in order and follow standard rules),
and specifies the rules for determining in which phase and frame the address is
active.

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MC68181

FLEX Message Word Definitions

A-28

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

The following rules apply:

The character "A" represents a single-phase subscriber unit using the
standard rules for embedding phase and frame. The character "B" is similar to
"A", except 1 is subtracted from the CAPCODE before applying the standard
rule. Likewise, the characters "C" and "D" indicate that 2 or 3 is to be
subtracted before applying the rule. Using these CAPCODE characters
ensures that sequentially numbered CAPCODEs are assigned to a common
phase and frame. These procedures modify the standard rules and are
intended to simplify the order entry process for multiple address subscriber
units. When addresses are assigned in order, the subtraction of 1, 2, or 3
ensures that the calculation for each additional address in a decoding device
is referenced to the first address. Thus, all A, B, C, and D addresses are
assigned to the same frame and phase.

Alpha characters "E" through "H" and "I" through "L" represent any-phase
and all-phase subscriber units where the subtract rule is modified to ensure
that all addresses of a multiple address subscriber unit are in the same frame.

For the cases where no rule is defined, the letters "U" through "X" indicate
single-phase subscriber units assigned to phases 0 through 3 (phases a

Table A-23

Alpha Character Codes

Standard Rules

No Rules

(Non-Standard Form)

A--Single-phase Subtract 0

U--Single-phase, Phase 0

B--Single-phase Subtract 1

V--Single-phase, Phase 1

C--Single-phase Subtract 2

W--Single-phase, Phase 2

D--Single-phase Subtract 3

X--Single-phase, Phase 3

E--Any-phase, Subtract 0

Y--Any-phase

F--Any-phase Subtract 1

G--Any-phase Subtract 2

H--Any-phase Subtract 3

I--All-phase Subtract 0

Z--All-phase

J--All-phase Subtract 1

K--All-phase Subtract 2

L--All-phase Subtract 3

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MC68181

FLEX Message Word Definitions

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

A-29

through d) with the frame and battery cycle explicitly displayed. "Y" and "Z"
indicate non-standard addresses for any-phase and all-phase subscriber units.

If the subscriber unit contains only a single individual address and the user is
content with the recommended 30 second battery cycle, then the letter "A",
"E", or "I" is added as a prefix to the 7-, 9- or 10-digit address, where:

"A" indicates a single-phase device.

"E" indicates an any-phase device.

"I" indicates an all-phase device.

If the unit were to be a two address unit where both addresses are individual
addresses, then "A", "E", or "I" would again preface the address field of the
first address. "B", "F", or "J" would preface the second address.
The "B", "F", or "J" indicates that the address is a second address and it is to
have the properties of the first address. This rule eliminates the need for an
administrative operator or a salesperson to calculate a starting address, which
would allow standard rules to always apply.

In other cases, especially where a group address is to be included, it is very
likely that the "U" through "Z" forms of the CAPCODE will be used so that
the frame can be explicitly chosen to provide best battery life, and the
required "same phase" operation can be met in the case of the single-phase
units.

CAPCODE TO BINARY CONVERSION

Short CAPCODE

To convert a short address CAPCODE, the number 32,768 is added to the 7- digit
decimal CAPCODE address (or to any CAPCODE less than 2,031,615). The resultant
number is then converted to a 21-bit binary number, which then becomes the
information bits of the (31,21) BCH code word transmitted over the air.

Long CAPCODE 2,101,249 to 1,075,843,072

Long address set 12 is in this range. To convert a long address CAPCODE, the
number 2,068,481 is subtracted from the CAPCODE address. The resultant number is
then divided by 32,768 with the remainder, incremented by 1, being the 1st word of
the long address. This is the same as calculating the ((CAPCODE 2,068,481) modulo
32768) + 1. This value is converted to a 21-bit binary number, which becomes the
information bits in the (31,21) BCH code word transmitted over the air as the 1st
address word.

The second word of the long address is determined by first calculating the integer
portion of the (CAPCODE 2,068,481) divided by 32,768. This value is then
subtracted from 2,097,151 (equivalent to the ones complement of the value in binary),
and converted to a 21-bit binary number, which becomes the information bits in the
(31, 21) BCH code word transmitted over the air as the second address word.

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MC68181

FLEX Message Word Definitions

A-30

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

Long CAPCODE 1,075,843,073 to 3,223,326,720

Long address sets 13 and 14 are in this range. The 1st word of the long address is
calculated following the same rules for the long addresses set 12. The second long
address word is determined by subtracting 2,068,481 from the CAPCODE, the
resultant number is divided by 32,768 with the integer portion added to 1,933,312.
This value is converted to a 21-bit binary number, which becomes the (31,21) BCH
code word transmitted over the air as the second address word.

Long CAPCODE 3,223,326,721 to 4,297,068,542

Long address set 23 is in this range. The first word is determined by subtracting
2,068,479 from the CAPCODE. The remainder of dividing by 32,768 is retained (i.e.,
modulo 32,768). This value is then added to 2,064,383 with the result converted to a
21-bit binary number, which becomes the information bits in the (31,21) BCH code
word transmitted over the air as the 1st address word.

The second word is determined by subtracting 2,068,479 from the CAPCODE and
finding the integer portion after dividing by 32,768. This value is then added to
1,867,776 and converted to a 21-bit binary number, which becomes the (31,21) BCH
code word transmitted over the air as the second address word.

BINARY TO CAPCODE CONVERSION

With the address code word values that are transmitted over the air, the CAPCODE
can be calculated by performing the inverse of the above-specified process. As an
example, the short address code word is converted to decimal and the number 32,768
is subtracted to arrive at the 7-digit address portion of the CAPCODE. For the two
word long address set 12, the address word 1 is first converted from binary to
decimal. The second address word is then complemented, (or subtracted from
2,097,151 decimal) and converted to a decimal. This value is multiplied by 32,768,
added to 2,068,480, and then added to address word 1. The result is the address
portion of the FLEX CAPCODE.

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MC68181

FLEX Message Word Definitions

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

A-31

CAPCODE ASSIGNMENTS

The

Table A-24

defines the address usage assignment. All addresses not listed in this

table are not defined and reserved for future use.

Table A-24

CAPCODE Assignment Table

CAPCODE Address Value

Description

0,000,000,000

Illegal

0,000,000,001 to 0,001,933,312

Short Addresses

0,001,933,313 to 0,001,998,848

Illegal

0,001,998,849 to 0,002,009,087

Reserved for Future Use

0,002,009,088 to 0,002,025,471

Information Service Addresses

0,002,025,472 to 0,002,029,567

Network Addresses

0,002,029,568 to 0,002,029,583

Temporary Addresses

0,002,029,584 to 0,002,029,599

Operator Messaging Addresses

0,002,029,600 to 0,002,031,614

Reserved for Future Use

0,002,031,615 to 0,002,101,248

Illegal

0,002,101,249 to 0,102,101,250

Long Address Set 12 Uncoordinated

0,102,101,251 to 0,402,101,250

Long Address Set 12 by Country

0,402,101,251 to 1,075,843,072

Long Address Set 12 Global

1,075,843,073 to 2,149,584,896

Long Address Set 13 Global

2,149,584,897 to 3,223,326,720

Long Address Set 14 Global

3,223,326,721 to 3,923,326,750

Long Address Set 23 by Country

3,923,326,751 to 4,280,000,00

Long Address Set 23 Reserved

4,280,000,001 to 4,285,000,000

Long Address Set 23 Info Service

Global

4,285,000,001 to 4,290,000,000

Long Address Set 23 Info Service

by Country

4,290,000,001 to 4,291,000,000

Long Address Set 23 Info Service

World-Wide Use

4,291,000,001 to 4,297,068,542

Reserved for Future Use

Note:

"by Country"--The addresses are coordinated within each country and with countries along borders.

"Global"--The address is coordinated to be unique worldwide.

"Info Service"--Rules governing the use of these addresses are not currently defined.

"World Wide Use"--One thousand addresses are assigned to each country for world-wide use.

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MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

B-1

APPENDIX B

SPI PACKETS

All data communicated between the FLEX chip IC and the host MCU is transmitted
on the SPI in 32-bit packets. Each packet consists of an 8-bit ID followed by 24 bits of
information. The FLEX chip IC uses the SPI bus in Full Duplex mode. In other words,
whenever a packet communication occurs, the data in both directions is valid packet
data.

The SPI consists of a READY pin and four SPI pins (SS, SCK, MOSI, and MISO).The
SS is used as a chip select for the FLEX chip IC. The SCK is a clock supplied by the
host MCU. The data from the host is transmitted on the MOSI line. The data from the
FLEX chip IC is transmitted on the MISO line.

PACKET COMMUNICATION INITIATED BY THE HOST

When the host sends a packet to the FLEX chip IC, it performs the following steps
(see

Figure B-1

1. Select the FLEX chip IC by driving the SS pin low.

2. Wait for the FLEX chip IC to drive the READY pin low.

3. Send the 32-bit packet.

4. De-select the FLEX chip IC by driving the SS pin high.

5. Repeat steps 1 through 4 for each additional packet.

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MC68181

Packet Communication Initiated by the FLEX chip IC

B-2

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

When the host sends a packet, it will also receive a valid packet from the FLEX chip
IC. If the FLEX chip IC is enabled (See

Checksum Packet

on page B-6.) and has no

other packets waiting to be sent, the FLEX chip IC will send a status packet. The host
must transition the SS pin from high to low to begin each 32-bit packet. The FLEX
chip IC must see a negative transition on the SS pin in order for the host to initiate
each packet communication.

PACKET COMMUNICATION INITIATED BY THE FLEX CHIP IC

When the FLEX chip IC has a packet for the host to read, the following occurs (see

Figure B-2

1. The FLEX chip IC drives the READY pin low.

2. If the FLEX chip IC is not already selected, the host selects the FLEX chip IC

by driving the SS pin low.

3. The host receives (and sends) a 32-bit packet.

4. The host de-selects the FLEX chip IC by driving the SS pin high (optional).

Figure B-1 Typical Multiple Packet Communications Initiated by the Host

READY

SCK

MOSI

MISO

High Impedance State

D31

AA1230

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MC68181

Packet Communication Initiated by the FLEX chip IC

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

B-3

When the host is reading a packet from the FLEX chip IC, it must send a valid packet
to the FLEX chip IC. If the host has no data to send, it is suggested that the host send
a Checksum Packet with all of the data bits set to 0 in order to avoid disabling the
FLEX chip IC. (See

Checksum Packet

on page B-6.)

Figure B-3

on page B-3 illustrates that it is not necessary to de-select the FLEX chip

IC between packets when the packets are initiated by the FLEX chip IC.

Figure B-2 Typical Multiple Packet Communications Initiated by the FLEX chip IC

Figure B-3 Multiple Packet Communications Initiated by the FLEX chip IC with No De-select

READY

SCK

MOSI

MISO

High Impedance State

D31

AA1230

READY

SCK

MOSI

MISO

High Impedance State

D31

AA1231

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MC68181

Host-to-Decoder Packet Map

B-4

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

HOST-TO-DECODER PACKET MAP

The upper 8 bits of a packet comprise the packet ID. The following table describes the
packet ID's for all of the packets that can be sent to the FLEX chip IC from the host.

Table B-1

Host-to-Decoder Packet ID Map

Packet ID

(Hexadecimal)

Packet Type

Checksum

Configuration

Control

All Frame Mode

Operator Message Address Enables

Roaming Control Packet

Timing Control Packet

07E

Reserved (Host should never send)

Receiver Line Control

Receiver Control Configuration (Off Setting)

Receiver Control Configuration (Warm Up 1 Setting)

Receiver Control Configuration (Warm Up 2 Setting)

Receiver Control Configuration (Warm Up 3 Setting)

Receiver Control Configuration (Warm Up 4 Setting)

Receiver Control Configuration (Warm Up 5 Setting)

Receiver Control Configuration (3200sps Sync Setting)

Receiver Control Configuration (1600sps Sync Setting)

Receiver Control Configuration (3200sps Data Setting)

Receiver Control Configuration (1600sps Data Setting)

Receiver Control Configuration (Shut Down 1 Setting)

Receiver Control Configuration (Shut Down 2 Setting)

1CF

Special (Ignored by FLEX chip IC)

Frame Assignment (Frames 112 through 127)

Frame Assignment (Frames 96 through 111)

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MC68181

Host-to-Decoder Packet Map

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

B-5

Frame Assignment (Frames 80 through 95)

Frame Assignment (Frames 64 through 79)

Frame Assignment (Frames 48 through 63)

Frame Assignment (Frames 32 through 47)

Frame Assignment (Frames 16 through 31)

Frame Assignment (Frames 0 through 15)

287

Reserved (Host should never send)

User Address Enable

79F

Reserved (Host should never send)

User Address Assignment (User address 0)

User Address Assignment (User address 1)

User Address Assignment (User address 2)

User Address Assignment (User address 3)

User Address Assignment (User address 4)

User Address Assignment (User address 5)

User Address Assignment (User address 6)

User Address Assignment (User address 7)

User Address Assignment (User address 8)

User Address Assignment (User address 9)

User Address Assignment (User address 10)

User Address Assignment (User address 11)

User Address Assignment (User address 12)

User Address Assignment (User address 13)

User Address Assignment (User address 14)

User Address Assignment (User address 15)

90F

Reserved (Host should never send)

Table B-1

Host-to-Decoder Packet ID Map (Continued)

Packet ID

(Hexadecimal)

Packet Type

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MC68181

Decoder-to-Host Packet Map

B-6

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

DECODER-TO-HOST PACKET MAP

The following table describes the packet ID's for all of the packets that can be sent to
the host from the FLEX chip IC.

HOST-TO-DECODER PACKET DESCRIPTIONS

The following sections describe the packets of information sent from the host to the
FLEX chip IC. In all cases the packets should be sent MSB first (Bit 7 of byte 3 = Bit 31
of the packet = MSB).

Checksum Packet

The Checksum Packet is used to ensure proper communication between the host and
the FLEX chip IC. The FLEX chip IC exclusive-ORs the 24 data bits of every packet it
receives (except the Checksum Packet and the special packet ID's $1C through $1F)
with an internal checksum register. Upon reset and whenever the host writes a packet
to the FLEX chip IC, the FLEX chip IC is disabled from sending any information to
the host processor until the host processor sends a Checksum Packet with the proper
Checksum Value (CV) to the FLEX chip IC. When the FLEX chip IC is disabled in this
way, it prompts the host to read the Part ID Packet. Note that all other operation

Table B-2

Decoder-to-Host Packet ID Map

Packet ID

(Hexadecimal)

Packet Type

Block Information Word

Address

0257

Vector or Message (ID is word number in frame)

585F

Reserved

Roaming Status Packet

617D

Reserved

Receiver Shutdown

Status

80FE

Reserved

Part ID

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MC68181

Host-to-Decoder Packet Descriptions

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

B-7

continues normally when the FLEX chip IC is "disabled". The FLEX chip IC is only
disabled in the sense that the data can not be read from the FLEX chip IC, all other
operations continue to function.

Disabled only implies that data cannot be read, all

other internal operations continue to function.

When the FLEX chip IC is reset, it is disabled and the internal checksum register is
initialized to the 24-bit part ID defined in the Part ID Packet. (See

Part ID Packet

page B-43.) Every time a packet other than the Checksum Packet and the special
packets 1C through 1F is sent to the decoder IC, the value sent in the 24 information
bits is exclusive-ORed with the internal checksum register, the result is stored back to
the checksum register, and the FLEX chip IC is disabled. If a Checksum Packet is sent
and the CV bits match the bits in the checksum register, the FLEX chip IC is enabled.
If a Checksum Packet is sent when the FLEX chip IC is already enabled, the packet is
ignored by the FLEX chip IC, in which case a null packet having the ID and data bits
set to 0 is suggested. If a packet other than the Checksum Packet is sent when the
FLEX chip IC is enabled, the decoder IC will be disabled until a Checksum Packet is
sent with the correct CV bits.

When the host reads a packet out of the FLEX chip IC but has no data to send, the
Checksum Packet should be sent so the FLEX chip IC will not be disabled. The data in
the Checksum Packet could be a null packet, 32-bit stream of all 0s, since a Checksum
Packet will not disable the FLEX chip IC. When the host re-configures the FLEX chip
IC, the FLEX chip IC will be disabled from sending any packets other than the Part ID
Packet until the FLEX chip IC is enabled with a Checksum Packet having the proper
data. The ID of the Checksum Packet is 0.

Table B-3

Checksum Packet Bit Assignments

Byte

Bit 7

Bit 6

Bit 5

Bit 4

Bit 3

Bit 2

Bit 1

Bit 0

Note:

= Checksum Value

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MC68181

Host-to-Decoder Packet Descriptions

B-8

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

Configuration Packet

The Configuration Packet defines a number of different configuration options for the
FLEX chip IC.

Proper operation is not guaranteed if these settings are changed

when

Figure B-4 FLEX chip IC Checksum Flow Chart

RESET

Disables Itself

Checksum Packet?

Disables Itself

Sets Checksum

XOR of the Packet

Data Bits with

the Checksum

Initializes Checksum

Part ID Value

Waits for SPI

Packet from Host

Initiates

Part ID Packet

Enables Itself

Enabled?

Packet Data

Matches Checksum

AA1232

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MC68181

Host-to-Decoder Packet Descriptions

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

B-9

decoding is enabled (i.e., the ON bit in the Control Packet is set). The ID of the
Configuration Packet is 1.

OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY DIFFERENCE (OFD)

These bits describe the maximum difference in the frequency of the 76.8 kHz
oscillator crystal with respect to the frequency of the transmitter. These limits should
be the worst case difference in frequency due to all conditions, including but not
limited to aging, temperature, and manufacturing tolerance. Using a smaller
frequency difference in this packet will result in lower power consumption due to
higher receiver battery save ratios. Note that this value is not the absolute error of the
oscillator frequency provided to the FLEX chip IC. The absolute error of the clock
used by the FLEX transmitter must be taken into account. (If the transmitter tolerance
is

25 ppm and the 76.8 kHz oscillator tolerance is

140 ppm, the oscillator frequency

difference is

165 ppm and OFD should be set to 0.) The value after reset = 0.

Table B-5

on page B-9 summarizes the bit definitions.

SIGNAL POLARITY (SP)

These bits set the polarity of EXTS1 and EXTS0 input signals. The value after reset = 0.
The polarity of the EXTS0 and EXTS1 bits will be determined by the receiver design.

Table B-4

Configuration Packet Bit Assignments

Byte

Bit 7

Bit 6

Bit 5

Bit 4

Bit 3

Bit 2

Bit 1

Bit 0

OFD

SME

MOT

COD

MTE

LBP

Table B-5

OFD Bits Description

OFD

Frequency

Difference

300 ppm

150 ppm

75 ppm

0 ppm

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MC68181

Host-to-Decoder Packet Descriptions

B-10

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

SYNCHRONOUS MODE ENABLE (SME)

When this bit is set, a Status Packet will be automatically sent whenever the SMU
(Synchronous Mode Update) bit in the Status Packet is set. The host can use the SM
(Synchronous Mode) bit in the Status Packet as an in-range/out-of-range indication.
The value after reset = 0.

MAXIMUM OFF TIME (MOT)

This bit has no effect if AST in the Timing Control Packet is non-zero. When AST = 0
and MOT = 0, asynchronous A-word searches will time-out in 4 minutes. When
AST = 0 and MOT = 1, asynchronous A-word searches will time-out in 1 minute.
(value after reset = 0)

CLOCK OUTPUT DISABLE (COD)

When this bit is clear, a 38.4 kHz signal will be output on the CLKOUT pin. When this
bit is set, the CLKOUT pin will be driven low. Note that setting and clearing this bit
can cause pulses on the CLKOUT pin that are less than one half the 38.4 kHz period.
Also note that when the clock output is enabled, the CLKOUT pin will always output
the 38.4 kHz signal even when the FLEX chip IC is in reset (as long as the FLEX chip
IC oscillator is seeing clocks). The value after reset = 0.

MINUTE TIMER ENABLE (MTE)

When this bit is set, a Status Packet will be sent at one minute intervals with the MT
(Minute Time-out) bit in the Status Packet set. When this bit is clear, the internal one-
minute timer stops counting. The internal one-minute timer is reset when this bit is
changed from 0 to 1 or when the MTC (Minute Timer Clear) bit in the Control Packet
is set. The value after reset = 0.

LOW BATTERY POLARITY (LBP)

This bit defines the polarity of the FLEX chip ICs LOBAT pin. The LB bit in the Status
Packet is initialized to the inverse value of this bit when the FLEX chip IC is turned on
(by setting the ON bit in the Control Packet). When the FLEX chip IC is turned on, a
low battery update is sent to the host in the Status Packet when a low battery
condition is detected on the LOBAT pin. Setting this bit means that a high on the
LOBAT pin indicates a low voltage condition. The value after reset = 0.

Table B-6

SP Bit Definition

Signal Polarity

EXTS1 EXTS0

FSK Modulation

@ SP = 0,0

EXTS1

EXTS0

Normal

+4800 Hz

Normal

Inverted

+1600 Hz

Inverted

Normal

1600 Hz

Inverted

4800 Hz

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MC68181

Host-to-Decoder Packet Descriptions

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

B-11

Control Packet

The Control Packet defines a number of different control bits for the FLEX chip IC.
The ID of the Control Packet is 2.

FORCE FRAME (FF) 07

These bits enable and disable forcing the FLEX chip IC to look in frames 0 through 7.
When an FF bit is set, the FLEX chip IC will decode the corresponding frame. Unlike
the AF bits in the Frame Assignment Packets, the system collapse of a FLEX system
will not affect frames assigned using the FF bits. (Where as setting AF

to 1 when the

system collapse is 5 will cause the decoder to decode frames 0, 32, 64, and 96, setting
FF

to 1 when the system collapse is 5 will only cause the decoder to decode frame 0.)

This may be useful for acquiring transmitted time information

or channel attributes

(e.g. Local ID).

The value after reset = 0.

SINGLE PHASE MODE (SPM)

When this bit is set, the FLEX chip IC will decode only one phase of the transmitted
data. When this bit is clear, the FLEX chip IC will decode all of the phases it receives.
A change to this bit while the FLEX chip IC is on, will not take affect until the next
block 0 of

the next decoded

frame. The value after reset = 0.

PHASE SELECT (PS)

When the SPM bit is set, these bits define what phase the FLEX chip IC should decode
according to the following table. This value is determined by the service provider. A
change to these bits while the FLEX chip IC is on, will not take affect until the next
block 0 of a frame. The value after reset = 0.

Table B-7

Control Packet Bit Assignments

Byte

Bit 7

Bit 6

Bit 5

Bit 4

Bit 3

Bit 2

Bit 1

Bit 0

SPM

SBI

MTC

EAE

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MC68181

Host-to-Decoder Packet Descriptions

B-12

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

SEND BLOCK INFORMATION (SBI) WORDS 24

When this bit is set, any errored or time-related block information words 24 will be
sent to the host. The value after reset = 0.

MINUTE TIMER CLEAR (MTC)

Setting this bit will cause the one minute timer to restart from 0.

END OF ADDRESSES ENABLE (EAE)

When this bit is set, the EA bit in the Status Packet will be set immediately after FLEX
chip decodes the last address word in the frame if there was any address detected in
the frame. When this bit is cleared, the EA bit will never be set.

TURN ON DECODER (ON)

Set if the FLEX chip IC should be decoding FLEX signals. Clear if signal processing
should be off (very low power mode). If the ON bit is changed twice and the control
packets making the changes are received within 2 ms of each other, FLEX chip may
ignore the double change and stay in its original state (e.g. if it is turned off then on
again within 2 ms it may stay on and ignore the off pulse). Therefore it is
recommended that the host insures a minimum of 2 ms between changes in the ON
bit. The value after reset = 0.

Note:

In order to properly turn off the decoder, the following steps must occur:

1. Turn off the FLEX chip by sending a Control Packet with the ON bit cleared.

2. Turn on the FLEX chip by sending a Control Packet with the ON bit set.

3. Turn off the FLEX chip by sending a Control Packet with the ON bit cleared.

Timing between these steps is specified below and is measured from the positive
edge of the last clock of one packet to the positive edge of the last clock of the next
packet:

Table B-8

Phase Select Bit Definition

PS Value

Phase Decoded

(based on FLEX Data Rate)

1600 bps

3200 bps

6400 bps

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MC68181

Host-to-Decoder Packet Descriptions

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

B-13

The minimum time between steps 1 and 2 is 2 ms or the programmed shut
down time, whichever is greater. The programmed shut down time is the sum
of all the of the times programmed in the used Receiver Shut Down Settings
Packets.

There is no maximum time between steps 1 and 2.

The minimum time between steps 2 and 3 is 2 ms.

The maximum time between steps 2 and 3 is the programmed warm up time
minus 2 ms. The programmed warm up time is the sum of all the of the times
programmed in the used Receiver Warm Up Settings Packets.

All Frame Mode Packet

The All Frame Mode Packet is used to decrement temporary address enable counters
by one, decrement the all frame mode counter by one, and/or enable or disable
forcing All Frame mode. If All Frame mode is enabled, the FLEX chip IC will attempt
to decode every frame and send a Status Packet with the EOF (End-Of-Frame) bit set
at the end of every frame. All Frame mode is enabled if any temporary address enable
counter is non-zero, or, the All Frame mode counter is non-zero, or, the force All
Frame Mode bit is set. Both the All Frame mode counter and the temporary address
enable counters can only be incremented internally by the FLEX chip IC and can only
be decremented by the host. The FLEX chip IC will increment a temporary address
enable counter whenever a short instruction vector is received assigning the
corresponding temporary address. The FLEX chip IC will increment the All Frame
mode counter whenever an alphanumeric, HEX / binary, or secure vector is received.
When the host determines that a message associated with a temporary address, or a
fragmented message has ended, then the appropriate temporary address counter or
All Frame mode counter should be decremented by writing an All Frame Mode
Packet to the FLEX chip IC in order to exit the All Frame mode, thereby improving
battery life. Neither the temporary address enable counters nor the All Frame mode
counter can be incremented past the value 127 or decremented past the value 0 (i.e., it
will not roll over). The temporary address enable counters and the All Frame mode
counter are initialized to 0 at reset and when the decoder is turned off. The ID of the
All Frame Mode Packet is 3.

Table B-9

All Frame Mode Packet Bit Assignments

Byte

Bit 7

Bit 6

Bit 5

Bit 4

Bit 3

Bit 2

Bit 1

Bit 0

DAF

FAF

DTA

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MC68181

Host-to-Decoder Packet Descriptions

B-14

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

DECREMENT ALL FRAME (DAF) COUNTER

Setting this bit decrements the All Frame mode counter by one. If a packet is sent with
this bit clear, the All Frame mode counter is not affected. The value after reset = 0.

FORCE ALL FRAME (FAF) MODE

Setting this bit forces the FLEX chip IC to enter All Frame mode. If this bit is clear, the
FLEX chip IC may or may not be in All Frame mode depending on the status of the
All Frame mode counter and the temporary address enable counters. This may be
useful in acquiring transmitted time information. The value after reset = 0.

DECREMENT TEMPORARY ADDRESS (DTA) ENABLE COUNTER

When a bit in this word is set, the corresponding temporary address enable counter is
decremented by 1. When a bit is cleared, the corresponding temporary address
enable counter is not affected. When a temporary address enable counter reaches 0,
the temporary address is disabled.The value after reset = 0.

Operator Messaging Address Enable Packet

The operator messaging address enable packet is used to enable and disable the built-
in FLEX operator messaging addresses. Enabling and disabling operator messaging
addresses does not affect what frames the decoder IC decodes. To decode the proper
frames, the host must modify the FF bits in the Control Packet or the AF bits in the
Frame Assignment Packets. The ID of the operator messaging address enable packet
is 4.

OPERATOR MESSAGING ADDRESS ENABLE (OAE)

When a bit is set, the corresponding operator messaging address is enabled. When it
is cleared, the corresponding operator messaging address is disabled. OAE

through

OAE

corresponds to the operator messaging address values of $1F7810 through

$1F781F respectively. The value after reset = 0.

Table 2-10

System Address Enable Packet Bit Assignments

Byte

Bit 7

Bit 6

Bit 5

Bit 4

Bit 3

Bit 2

Bit 1

Bit 0

OAE

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MC68181

Host-to-Decoder Packet Descriptions

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

B-15

Roaming Control Packet

The Roaming Control Packet controls the features of the Roaming FLEX chip IC that
allow implementation of a roaming device. The ID of the roaming control packet is 5.

IGNORE RE-SYNCHRONIZATION SIGNAL (IRS)

When this bit is set, the FLEX chip will not go asynchronous when detecting an Ar or
Ar signal during searches for A-words. It will merely report that the re-
synchronization signal was received by setting RSR to 1 in the Roaming Status
packet. This allows the host to decide what to do when the paging device is
synchronous to more than one channel and only one channel is sending the re-
synchronization signal. It also prevents the FLEX chip from losing synchronization
when it detects the re-synchronization signal while the paging device is checking an
unknown channel. This bit is set and cleared by the host. The value after reset = 0.

NETWORK BIT CHECK (NBC)

Setting this bit will enable reporting of the received network bit value (NBU and n) in
the Roaming Status Packet. Setting this bit also makes the FLEX chip abandon a frame
after the Frame Info word without synchronizing to the frame if the frame
information word is uncorrectable or if the n bit in the frame information word is not
set. If the FLEX chip IC was in synchronous mode when this occurred (probably due
to synchronizing to a second channel), it will maintain synchronization to the original
channel. If the FLEX chip IC was in asynchronous mode when this occurred, it will
stay in asynchronous mode and end the A-word search. This is done to avoid
synchronizing to a non-roaming channel when searching for roaming channels. This
bit is set and cleared by the host. The value after reset = 0.

MANUAL COLLAPSE MODE (MCM)

When this bit is set, the FLEX chip behaves as if the system collapse was 7. FLEX chip
will not apply the received system collapse to the AF bits. When this bit is set, the
received system collapse is reported to the host via SCU and RSC in the Roaming
Status Packet. This is so the host can modify the AF bits based on the system collapse
of the channel. This bit is set and cleared by the host. (value after reset = 0)

Table 1: Roaming Control Packet Bit Assignments

Byte

Bit 7

Bit 6

Bit 5

Bit 4

Bit 3

Bit 2

Bit 1

Bit 0

IRS

NBC

MCM

IS1

SDF

RSP

SND

CND

RND

ABI

SAS

DAS

MFC

MCO

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MC68181

Host-to-Decoder Packet Descriptions

B-16

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

INVERT EXTS1 (IS1)

Setting this bit inverts the expected polarity of the

EXTS1

pin from the way it is

configured by SP

in the Configuration Packet (e.g. if both IS1 and SP

are set, the

polarity of the EXTS1 pin is untouched). This bit is intended to be changed when a
change in a channel changes the polarity of the received signal. This bit is set and
cleared by the host. The value after reset = 0.

STOP DECODING FRAME (SDF)

Setting this bit causes the FLEX chip to stop decoding a frame without losing frame
synchronization. This bit is set by the host, and cleared by FLEX chip once it has been
processed. The packet with the SDF bit be sent must be sent after receiving the status
packet with EA bit set. It must be sent within 40 ms of the end of block in which FLEX
chip set the EA bit. The value after reset = 0.

RECEIVER SHUTDOWN PACKET ENABLE (RSP)

When this bit is set, a Receiver Shutdown Packet will be sent whenever the receiver is
shut down. The receiver shutdown packet informs the host that the receiver
shutdown, and how long it will be before FLEX chip will automatically warm the
receiver back up. The value after reset = 0.

START NOISE DETECT (SND)

Setting this bit while the FLEX chip is battery saving will cause it to warm-up the
receiver, run a noise detect, and report the result of the noise detect via NDR in the
Roaming Status Packet. This bit is set by the host, and cleared by FLEX chip once it
has been processed. If the time comes for FLEX chip to warm up for automatically or
the SAS bit is set while an SND is being processed, the noise detect will be abandoned
and the abandoned noise detect result (NDR = 01) will be sent in the Roaming Status
Packet. The value after reset = 0.

CONTINUOUS NOISE DETECT (CND)

Setting this bit will cause FLEX chip to do continuous noise detects during the
decoded block data of a frame. The results of the noise detect will only be reported if
noise is detected (NDR = 11). Only one noise detected result (NDR = 11) will be sent
per block. If the FLEX chip has not completed a noise detect when it shuts down for
the frame, that noise detect will be abandoned, but no abandon result (NDR = 01) will
be sent. This bit is set and cleared by the host. (value after reset = 0)

REPORT NOISE DETECTS (RND)

Setting this bit will cause FLEX chip to report the results of the noise detects it does
under normal asynchronous operation (when first turned on and when
asynchronous). The results of the noise detect will be reported via NDR in the
Roaming Status Packet. This bit is set and cleared by the host. The value after
reset = 0.

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MC68181

Host-to-Decoder Packet Descriptions

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

B-17

ALL BLOCK INFORMATION WORDS (ABI)

When this bit is set, FLEX chip will send all received Block Information words 24 to
the host. Note: Setting the SBI bit in the Control Packet only enables errored and real
time clock related block info words. The value after reset = 0.

START A-WORD SEARCH (SAS)

Setting this bit while in asynchronous battery save mode will cause FLEX chip to
warm-up the receiver, and run an A-word search. If, during the A-word search, the
FLEX chip IC finds sufficient FLEX signal, it will enter synchronous mode and start
decoding the frame. If the A-word search times-out without finding sufficient FLEX
signal, it will battery save and continue doing periodic noise detects. The time-out for
the A-word searches is controlled by the AST bits in the Timing Control Packet and
the MOT bit in the Configuration Packet. The A-word search takes priority over noise
detects. Therefore, if FLEX chip is performing an A-word search and the time comes
to do automatic noise detect, the noise detect will not be performed. This bit is set by
the host, and cleared by FLEX chip once it has been acted on. The value after reset = 0.

DISABLE A-WORD SEARCH (DAS)

When this bit is set, an A-word search will not automatically occur after a noise detect
in asynchronous mode finds FLEX signal. This includes automatic noise detects and
noise detects initiated by the host by setting SND. FLEX chip will shut down the
receiver after the noise detect completes regardless of the result. When this bit is
cleared, A-word searches will occur after a noise detect finds signal in asynchronous
mode. The value after reset = 0.

MFC:MISSED FRAME CONTROL (MFC)

These bits control the frames for which missing frame data (MS1, MFI, MS2, MBI, and
MAW) is reported in the Roaming Status Packet. The value after reset = 0.

MAXIMUM CARRY ON (MCO)

The value of these bits sets the maximum carry on that FLEX chip will follow. For
example, if FLEX chip receives a carry on of 3 over the air and MCO is set to 1, FLEX
chip will only carry on for one frame. The value after reset = 0.

Table 2-11

Missed Frame Control Bit Definitions

MFC

Missing Frame Data Reported

Never

Only during frames 0 through 3

Only during frames 0 through 7

Always

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MC68181

Host-to-Decoder Packet Descriptions

B-18

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

Timing Control Packet

The timing control packet gives the host control of the timing used when FLEX chip is
in asynchronous mode. The packet ID for the timing control packet is 6.

A-WORD SEARCH TIME (AST)

The value of these bits sets the A-word search time for all asynchronous A-word
searches in units of 80 ms (e.g. value of 1 is 80 ms, value of 2 is 160 ms, etc.) If the
value is 0, FLEX chip defaults to the 1-minute (MOT = 1) or 4-minute (MOT = 0)
A-word search time controlled by the MOT bit in the configuration packet. The value
after reset = 0.

ASYNCHRONOUS BATTERY-SAVE TIME (ABT)

The value of these bits sets the battery save time (time from the beginning of one
automatic noise detect to the beginning of the next automatic noise detect) in
asynchronous mode in units of 80 ms (e.g. value of 1 is 80 ms, value of 2 is 160 ms,
etc.) If the value is 0, the battery save time is set to the default value of 1.5 seconds.
The minimum allowed ABT is 320 ms, therefore values of 1, 2, 3, and 4 are invalid.
The value after reset = 0.

Receiver Line Control Packet

This packet gives the host control over the settings on the receiver control lines
(S0S7) in all modes except reset. In reset, the receiver control lines are in high
impedance settings. The ID for the Receiver Line Control Packet is 15 (decimal).

Table 2-12

Timing Control Packet Bit Assignments

Byte

Bit 7

Bit 6

Bit 5

Bit 4

Bit 3

Bit 2

Bit 1

Bit 0

AST

AST1

AST

ABT

ABT1

ABT

Table B-13

Receiver Line Control Packet Bit Assignments

Byte

Bit 7

Bit 6

Bit 5

Bit 4

Bit 3

Bit 2

Bit 1

Bit 0

FRS

CLS

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MC68181

Host-to-Decoder Packet Descriptions

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

B-19

FORCE RECEIVER SETTING (FRS)

Setting a bit to one will cause the corresponding CLS bit in this packet to override the
internal receiver control settings on the corresponding receiver control line (S0S7).
Clearing a bit gives control of the corresponding receiver control lines (S0S7) back to
the FLEX chip IC. The value after reset = 0.

CONTROL LINE SETTING (CLS)

If the corresponding FRS bit was set in this packet, these bits define what setting
should be applied to the corresponding receiver control lines. The value after
reset = 0.

Receiver Control Configuration Packets

These packets allow the host to configure:

what setting is applied to the receiver control lines S0S7,

how long to apply the setting, and,

when to read the value of the LOBAT input pin.

For a more detailed description of how the FLEX chip IC uses these settings see

Receiver Control Configuration Packets

on page B-19.

The FLEX chip IC defines twelve different receiver control settings. Proper operation
is not guaranteed if these settings are changed when decoding is enabled (i.e., the ON
bit in the Control Packet is set). The IDs for these packets range from 16 to 27
(decimal).

LOW BATTERY CHECK (LBC)

If this bit is set, the FLEX chip IC will check the status of the LOBAT port just before
leaving this receiver state. The value after reset = 0.

Table B-14

Receiver Off Setting Packet Bit Assignments

Byte

Bit 7

Bit 6

Bit 5

Bit 4

Bit 3

Bit 2

Bit 1

Bit 0

LBC

CLS

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MC68181

Host-to-Decoder Packet Descriptions

B-20

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

CONTROL LINE SETTING (CLS)

This is the value to be output on the receiver control lines (S0S7) for this receiver
state. The value after reset = 0.

STEP TIME (ST)

This is the time the FLEX chip IC is to keep the receiver off before applying the first
warm up state's receiver control value to the receiver control lines. The setting is in
steps of 625

s. Valid values are 625

s (ST = $01) to 159.375 ms (ST = $FF). The value

after reset = 625

Receiver Warm Up Setting Packets

SETTING NUMBER (s)

These bit define the receiver control setting for which this packet's values are to be
applied. The following truth table shows the names of each of the values for s that
apply to this packet.

Table B-15

Receiver Warm Up Setting Packet Bit Assignments

Byte

Bit 7

Bit 6

Bit 5

Bit 4

Bit 3

Bit 2

Bit 1

Bit 0

LBC

CLS

Table B-16

Setting Number Bit Combinations

Setting Name

Warm Up 1

Warm Up 2

Warm Up 3

Warm Up 4

Warm Up 5

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MC68181

Host-to-Decoder Packet Descriptions

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

B-21

STEP ENABLE (SE)

The receiver setting is enabled when the bit is set. If a step in the warm up sequence is
disabled, the disabled step and all remaining steps will be skipped. The value after
reset = 0.

LOW BATTERY CHECK (LBC)

If this bit is set, the FLEX chip IC will check the status of the LOBAT port just before
leaving this receiver state. The value after reset = 0.

CONTROL LINE SETTING (CLS)

This is the value to be output on the receiver control lines (S0S7) for this receiver
state. The value after reset = 0.

STEP TIME (ST)

This is the time the FLEX chip IC is to wait before applying the next state's receiver
control value to the receiver control lines. The setting is in steps of 625

s. Valid

values are 625

s (ST = $01) to 79.375 ms (ST = $7F). The value after reset = 625

3200 sps Sync Setting Packets

LOW BATTERY CHECK (LBC)

If this bit is set, the FLEX chip IC will check the status of the LOBAT port just before
leaving this receiver state. The value after reset = 0.

CONTROL LINE SETTING (CLS)

This is the value to be output on the receiver control lines (S0S7) for this receiver
state. The value after reset = 0.

STEP TIME (ST)

This is the time the FLEX chip IC is to wait before expecting good signals on the
EXTS1 and EXTS0 signals after warming up. The setting is in steps of 625

s. Valid

values are 625

s (ST = $01) to 79.375 ms (ST = $7F). The value after reset = 625

Table B-17

3200 sps Sync Setting Packet Bit Assignments

Byte

Bit 7

Bit 6

Bit 5

Bit 4

Bit 3

Bit 2

Bit 1

Bit 0

LBC

CLS

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MC68181

Host-to-Decoder Packet Descriptions

B-22

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

Receiver On Setting Packets

SETTING NUMBER (s)

These bits define the receiver control setting for which this packet's values are to be
applied. The following truth table shows the names of each of the values for "s" that
apply to this packet.

LOW BATTERY CHECK (LBC)

If this bit is set, the FLEX chip IC will check the status of the LOBAT port just before
leaving this receiver state. The value after reset = 0.

CONTROL LINE SETTING (CLS)

This is the value to be output on the receiver control lines (S0S7) for this receiver
state. The value after reset = 0.

Table B-18

Receiver On Setting Packet Bit Assignments

Byte

Bit 7

Bit 6

Bit 5

Bit 4

Bit 3

Bit 2

Bit 1

Bit 0

LBC

CLS

Table B-19

Setting Number Bit Definitions

Setting Name

1600 sps Sync

3200 sps Data

1600 sps Data

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MC68181

Host-to-Decoder Packet Descriptions

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

B-23

Receiver Shut Down Setting Packets

SETTING NUMBER (s)

These bits define the receiver control setting for which this packet's values are to be
applied. The following truth table shows the names of each of the values for "s" that
apply to this packet.

STEP ENABLE (SE)

The receiver setting is enabled when the bit is set. If a step in the shut down sequence
is disabled, all steps following the disabled step will be ignored. The value after
reset = 0.

LOW BATTERY CHECK (LBC)

If this bit is set, the FLEX chip IC will check the status of the LOBAT port just before
leaving this receiver state. The value after reset = 0.

CONTROL LINE SETTING (CLS)

This is the value to be output on the receiver control lines (S0S7) for this receiver
state. The value after reset = 0.

STEP TIME (ST)

This is the time the FLEX chip IC is to wait before applying the next state's receiver
control value to the receiver control lines. The setting is in steps of 625

s. Valid

values are 625

s (ST = $01) to 39.375 ms (ST = $3F). The value after reset = 625

Table B-20

Receiver Shut Down Setting Packet Bit Assignments

Byte

Bit 7

Bit 6

Bit 5

Bit 4

Bit 3

Bit 2

Bit 1

Bit 0

LBC

CLS

Table B-21

Setting Number Bit Definitions

Setting Name

Shut Down 1

Shut Down 2

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MC68181

Host-to-Decoder Packet Descriptions

B-24

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

Frame Assignment Packets

The FLEX protocol defines that each address of a FLEX pager is assigned a home
frame and a

battery cycle (see

FLEX CAPCODES

on page A-24

)

. This information

is determined by the service provider. The FLEX chip IC must be configured so that a
frame that is assigned by one or more of the addresses' home frames and battery
cycles has its corresponding configuration bit set. For example, if the FLEX chip IC
has one enabled address and it is assigned to frame 3 with a battery cycle of 4, the AF
bits for frames 3, 19, 35, 51, 67, 83, 99, and 115 should be set and the AF bits for all
other frames should be cleared.

When the FLEX chip IC is configured for manual collapse mode by setting the MCM
bit in the Roaming Control Packet, the FLEX chip IC will not apply the received
system collapse to the AF bits. The host should set the AF bits for all frames that
should be decoded on all channels. For example, if frames 0 and 64 should be
decoded on one channel and frames 4, 36, 68, and 100 should be decoded on another
channel, all six of the corresponding AF bits should be set. The host can then change
the receiver's carrier frequency after the FLEX chip IC decodes frames 0, 36, 64, and
100.

There are 8 Frame Assignment Packets. The Packet IDs for these packets range from
32 to 39 (decimal)

FRAME RANGE (f)

This value determines which sixteen frames correspond to the sixteen AF bits in the
packet according to the following table. At least one of these bits must be set when
the FLEX chip IC is turned on by setting the ON bit in the control packet. The value
after reset = 0.

Table B-22

Frame Assignment Packet Bit Assignments

Byte

Bit 7

Bit 6

Bit 5

Bit 4

Bit 3

Bit 2

Bit 1

Bit 0

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MC68181

Host-to-Decoder Packet Descriptions

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

B-25

ASSIGNED FRAME (AF)

If a bit is set, the FLEX chip IC will consider the corresponding frame to be assigned
via an address's home frame and pager collapse. The value after reset = 0.

User Address Enable Packet

The User Address Enable Packet is used to enable and disable the 16 user address
words. Although the host is allowed to change the user address words while the
FLEX chip IC is decoding FLEX signals, the host must disable a user address word
before changing it. The ID of the User Address Enable Packet is 120 (decimal).

When a User Address Enable (UAE) bit is set, the corresponding user address word is
enabled. When it is cleared, the corresponding user address word is disabled. UAE

corresponds to the user address word configured using a packet ID of 128, and
UAE

corresponds to the user address word configured using a packet ID of 143.

The value after reset = 0.

Table B-23

Frame Range Bit Definition

Frame 127

Frame 112

Frame 111

Frame 96

Frame 95

Frame 80

Frame 79

Frame 64

Frame 63

Frame 48

Frame 47

Frame 32

Frame 31

Frame 16

Frame 15

Frame 0

Table B-24

User Address Enable Packet Bit Assignments

Byte

Bit 7

Bit 6

Bit 5

Bit 4

Bit 3

Bit 2

Bit 1

Bit 0

UAE

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MC68181

Host-to-Decoder Packet Descriptions

B-26

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

User Address Assignment Packets

The FLEX chip IC has sixteen user address words. Each word can be programmed to
be a short address, part of a long address,

or the first part of a network ID

. The

addresses are configured using the Address Assignment Packets. Each user address
can be configured as long or short and tone-only or regular. N

etwork ID's are short

and regular

. Although the host is allowed to send these packets while the FLEX chip

IC is on, the host must disable the user address word by clearing the corresponding
UAE bit in the User Address Enable Packet before changing any of the bits in the
corresponding User Address Assignment Packet. This method allows for easy
reprogramming of user addresses without disrupting normal operation. The IDs for
these packets range from 128 to 143 (decimal).

USER ADDRESS WORD NUMBER (a

)

This specifies which address word is being configured. Having all 0s in this field
corresponds to Address Index zero (AI = 0) in the Address Packet received from the
FLEX chip IC when an address is detected. (See

Address Packet

on page B-29.)

LONG ADDRESS (LA)

When this bit is set, the address is considered a long address. Both words of a long
address must have this bit set. The first word of a long address must have an even
user address word number and the second word must be in the address index
immediately following the first word. Long addresses of the 23 and 24 set (See

FLEX CAPCODES

on page A-21) must be programmed to higher user address word

numbers than long addresses of the 12, 13, and 14 set.

TONE-ONLY ADDRESS (TOA)

When this bit is set, the FLEX chip IC will consider this address a tone-only address
and will not decode a vector word when the address is received. If the TOA bit of a
long address word is set, the TOA bit of the other word of the long address must also
be set.

ADDRESS WORD (A

)

This is the 21 bit value of the address word. Valid FLEX messaging addresses

Network ID's may be

used.

Table B-25

User Address Assignment Packet Bit Assignments

Byte

Bit 7

Bit 6

Bit 5

Bit 4

Bit 3

Bit 2

Bit 1

Bit 0

TOA

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MC68181

Decoder-to-Host Packet Descriptions

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

B-27

DECODER-TO-HOST PACKET DESCRIPTIONS

The following sections describe the packets of information that will be sent from the
FLEX chip IC to the host. In all cases the packets are sent MSB first (Bit 7 of byte 3 =
Bit 31 of the packet = MSB). The FLEX chip IC decides what data should be sent to the
host. If the FLEX chip IC is disabled through the checksum feature (see

Checksum

Packet

on page B-6), the Part ID Packet will be sent. Data Packets relating to data

received over the air are buffered in the 32 packet transmit buffer. The Data Packets
include Block Information Word Packets, Address Packets, Vector Packets, and
Message Packets.

If the FLEX chip IC is enabled and a receiver shutdown packet is pending, the
receiver shutdown packet will be sent. If there is no receiver shutdown packet
pending, but there is a roaming status packet pending, the roaming status packet will
be sent. If neither the receiver shutdown packet nor the roaming status packet is
pending and there is data in the transmit buffer, a packet from the transmit buffer
will be sent. Otherwise, the FLEX chip IC will send the Status Packet (which is not
buffered). In the event of a buffer overflow, the FLEX chip IC will automatically stop
decoding and clear the buffer.

It is recommended that the Host be designed to empty the FIFO buffer every block
with enough time left over to read a status packet. This would ensure that any
applicable Status Packet would be received within 1 block of the new status being
available.

Figure B-5 FLEX chip IC SPI Transmit Functional Block Diagram

Roaming Status Register

32 Data Packet

FIFO Transmit

Buffer

Status Register

SPI Transmit Register

MISO

MUX

Receive Shutdown Register

Part ID Register

AA1233

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MC68181

Decoder-to-Host Packet Descriptions

B-28

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

Block Information Word Packet

The Block Information Field is the first field following the synchronization codes of
the FLEX protocol (see

Appendix A

). This field contains information about the frame,

such as number of addresses and messages, information about current time

, the

channel ID, channel attributes, etc.

The first block information word of each phase is

used internally to the FLEX chip IC and is never transmitted

to the host with the

exception of the system collapse which is sent to the host when FLEX chip is in
manual collapse mode.

Time block information words 24 can be optionally sent to the host by setting the SBI
bit in the control packet. (see

Control Packet

on page B-11.) All block information

words 24 can be optionally sent to the host by setting the ABI bit in the roaming
control packet. When the SBI or ABI bit is set and any block information word is
received with an uncorrectable number of bit errors, the FLEX chip will send the
block information word to the host with the e bit set regardless of the value of the "f"
field in the block information word. The FLEX chip IC does not support decoding of
the vector and message words associated with the Data/System Message block info
word (f = 101). The ID of a Block Information Word Packet is 0 (decimal).

Table B-26

Block Information Word Packet Bit Assignments

Byte

Bit 7

Bit 6

Bit 5

Bit 4

Bit 3

Bit 2

Bit 1

Bit 0

Note:

e--set if more than 2 bit errors are detected in the word or if the check character calculation fails after
error correction has been performed
p--phase on which the block information word was found (0 = a, 1 = b, 2 = c, 3 = d)
x--unused bits; the value of these bits is not guaranteed
f--Word Format Type; the value of these bits modify the meaning of the s bits in this packet as
described in the following table; if the e bit is not set, this field will be one of 001, 010, or 101
s--These are the information bits of the block information word. The definition of these bits depend
on the f bits in this packet.

Table B-27

on page B-29 describes the block information words that the

FLEX chip IC decodes. Refer to

Appendix A

for detailed information about the time-related block

information words (f = 001, 010, and 101).

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MC68181

Decoder-to-Host Packet Descriptions

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

B-29

Address Packet

The Address Field follows the Block Information Field in the FLEX protocol. See

Appendix A

for additional information. It contains all of the addresses in the frame. If

less than three bit errors are detected in a received address word and it matches an
enabled address assigned to the FLEX chip IC, an Address Packet will be sent to the
host processor. The Address Packet contains assorted data about the address and its
associated vector and message. The ID of an Address Packet is 1 (decimal).

PRIORITY ADDRESS (PA)

This bit is set if the address was received as a priority address.

Table B-27

Block Information Word Definitions

Description

000

Local ID, Coverage Zone

001

Month, Day, Year

010

Second, Minute, Hour

011

Reserved by FLEX protocol for future use

100

Reserved by FLEX protocol for future use

101

System Message

110

Reserved by FLEX protocol for future use

111

Country Code, Traffic
Management Flags

Table B-28

Address Packet Bit Assignments

Byte

Bit 7

Bit 6

Bit 5

Bit 4

Bit 3

Bit 2

Bit 1

Bit 0

TOA

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MC68181

Decoder-to-Host Packet Descriptions

B-30

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

PHASE (p)

These bits identify the phase on which the address was detected
(0 = a, 1 = b, 2 = c, 3 = d).

LONG ADDRESS TYPE (LA)

This bit is set if the address was programmed in the FLEX chip IC as a long address.

ADDRESS INDEX (AI)

Valid values are 0 through 15 and 128 through 159. The index identifies which of the
addresses was detected. Values 0 through 15 correspond to the sixteen
programmable address words. Values 128 through 143 correspond to the sixteen
temporary addresses. Values 144 through 159 correspond to the 16 operator
messaging add

resses.

For long addresses, the address detect packet will only be sent

once and the index will refer to the second word of the address.

TONE ONLY ADDRESS (TOA)

This bit is set if the address was programmed in the FLEX chip IC as a tone-only
address. This bit will never be set for temporary or operator messaging addresses. No
vector word will be sent for tone-only addresses.

WORD NUMBER (WN) OF VECTOR (287)

These bits describe the location in the frame of the vector word for the detected
address. This value is invalid for this packet if the TOA bit is set.

UNUSED BITS (X)

The value of these bits is not guaranteed.

Vector Packet

The Vector Field follows the Address Field (see

Appendix A

). Each Vector Packet

must be matched to its corresponding Address Packet. The ID of the vector packet is
the word number where the vector word was received in the frame. This value
corresponds to the WN bits sent in the associated address packet. The phase
information in both the Address Packet and the Vector Packet must also match. It is
important to note for long addresses, the first message word will be transmitted in
the word location immediately following the associated vector (See

Message

Building

on page C-5). The word number (identified by b

) in the Vector Packet

will indicate the message start of the second message word if the message is longer
than 1 word.

There are several types of vectors:

Short Message/Tone Only Vector

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MC68181

Decoder-to-Host Packet Descriptions

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

B-31

Three types of Numeric Vectors

Hex/Binary Vector

Alphanumeric Vector

Secure Message Vector

Short Instruction Vector

Each is described in the following pages. A detailed description of the FLEX software
protocol requirements is provided in

Appendix A

Four of the vectors (Hex/Binary, Alphanumeric, Secure Message, and Short
Instruction) enable the FLEX chip IC to begin the All Frame mode. This mode is
required to allow for the decoding of temporary addresses and/or fragmented
messages. The host disables the All Frame mode after the proper time by writing to
the decoder via the All Frame Mode Packet (see

Building a Fragmented Message

on page C-8). For any Address Packet sent to the host (except tone-only addresses), a
corresponding Vector Packet will always be sent. If more than two bit errors are
detected (via BCH calculations, parity calculations, check character calculations, or
value validation) in the vector word the e bit will be set and the message words will
not be sent.

The Numeric, Hex/Binary, Alphanumeric, and Secure Message Vector Packets have
associated Message Word Packets in the message field. The host must use the n and b
bits of the vector word to calculate what message word locations are associated with
the vector. Both the message word locations and the phase must match.

One of the modes of the Short Instruction Vector is used for assigning temporary
addresses that may be associated with a group call.

SHORT MESSAGE / TONE ONLY VECTOR

Table B-29

Short Message / Tone Only Vector Packet Bit Assignments

Byte

Bit 7

Bit 6

Bit 5

Bit 4

Bit 3

Bit 2

Bit 1

Bit 0

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MC68181

Decoder-to-Host Packet Descriptions

B-32

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

NUMERIC VECTOR PACKET

Note:

V: = 010 for a Short Message/Tone Only Vector
WN--Word number of vector (287 decimal); describes the location of the vector word in the
frame
e--Set if more than 2 bit errors are detected in the word or, if after error correction, the check
character calculation fails
p--Phase on which the vector was found (0 = a, 1 = b, 2 = c, 3 = d)
d--Data bits whose definition depend on the value of t in this packet according to the following
table

If this vector is received on a long address and the e bit in this packet is not set, the decoder will
send a Message Packet from the word location immediately following the Vector Packet. Except
for the short message on a non-network address (t = 0), all message bits in the Message Packet are
unused and should be ignored

Table B-30

Short Message / Tone Only Vector Definitions

Description

First 3 numeric chars

8 sources (S) and 9 unused bits (s)

8 sources (S), message number (N),
message retrieval flag (R)

, and 2

unused bits (s)

spare message type

Note:

For long addresses, an extra 5 characters are sent in the Message Packet immediately following
the Vector Packet.

For a description of the R and N bits see the description of the same bits for numeric messages
in

Appendix A

t = Message type--These bits define the meaning of the "d" bits in this packet.
x = Unused bits--The value of these bits is not guaranteed.

Table B-31

Numeric Vector Packet Bit Assignments

Byte

Bit 7

Bit 6

Bit 5

Bit 4

Bit 3

Bit 2

Bit 1

Bit 0

Table B-29

Short Message / Tone Only Vector Packet Bit Assignments (Continued)

Byte

Bit 7

Bit 6

Bit 5

Bit 4

Bit 3

Bit 2

Bit 1

Bit 0

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MC68181

Decoder-to-Host Packet Descriptions

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

B-33

Vector Type Identifier (V)

Additional Bit Descriptors

Table B-32

Numeric Vector Definitions

Name

Description

011

Standard Numeric Format

No special formatting of characters is
specified.

100

Special Format Numeric Vector

Formatting of the received characters is
predetermined by special rules in the
host. See

FLEX Message Word

Definitions

on page A-7.

111

Numbered Numeric Vector

The received information has been
numbered by the service provider to
indicate all messages have been properly
received.

Table B-33

Additional Bit Descriptor Definitions for Numeric Vector Packets

Designator

Definition

This is the Word Number of vector (287 decimal) that describes the location of
the vector word in the frame.

This bit is set if more than 2 bit errors are detected in the word, if the check
character calculation fails after error correction has been performed, or if the
vector value is determined to be invalid.

These bits define the phase on which the vector was found
(0 = a, 1 = b, 2 = c, 3 = d).

These are the beginning check bits of the message.

These bits define the number of words in the message including the second
vector word for long addresses (000 = 1 word message, 001 = 2 word message,
etc.). For long addresses, the first message word is located in the word location
that immediately follows the associated vector.

These bits define the word number of the message start in the message field (387
decimal). For long addresses, the word number indicates the location of the
second message word.

These are unused bits. The value of these bits is not guaranteed.

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MC68181

Decoder-to-Host Packet Descriptions

B-34

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

HEX / BINARY, ALPHANUMERIC, AND SECURE MESSAGE VECTOR

Vector Type Identifier (V)

Additional Bit Descriptors

Table B-34

HEX / Binary, Alphanumeric, and Secure Message Vector Packet Bit Assignments

Byte

Bit 7

Bit 6

Bit 5

Bit 4

Bit 3

Bit 2

Bit 1

Bit 0

Table B-35

Vector Type Identifier Definition

Type

000

Secure

101

Alphanumeric

110

Hex / Binary

Table B-36

Additional Bit Descriptor Definitions for Numeric Vector Packets

Designator

Definition

This is the Word Number of vector (287 decimal) and it describes the location of
the vector word in the frame.

These bits define the phase on which the vector was found (0 = a, 1 = b, 2 = c, 3 = d)

These bits define the number of message words in this frame including the first
Message word that immediately follows a long address vector. Valid values are 1
85 decimal.

Word number of message starts in the message field. Valid values are 387
decimal.

Note:

For long addresses, the first Message Packet is sent from the word location
immediately following the word location of the Vector Packet. The b bits indicate
the second message word in the message field if one exists.

These are unused bits. The value of these bits is not guaranteed.

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MC68181

Decoder-to-Host Packet Descriptions

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

B-35

SHORT INSTRUCTION VECTOR

Table B-37

Short Instruction Vector Packet Bit Assignments

Byte

Bit 7

Bit 6

Bit 5

Bit 4

Bit 3

Bit 2

Bit 1

Bit 0

Table B-38

Short Instruction Vector Packet Bit Descriptions

Designator

Description

V = 001 for a Short Instruction Vector

This indicates the Word Number of the vector (287 decimal) and describes the
location of the vector word in the frame.

This bit is set if more than 2 bit errors are detected in the word or, if after error
correction, the check character calculation fails.

These bits define the phase on which the vector was found.
(0 = a, 1 = b, 2 = c, 3 = d)

These are data bits whose definition depend on the "i" bits in this packet
according to

Table B-39

. Note that if this vector is received on a long address and

the "e" bit in this packet is not set, the decoder will send a Message Packet
immediately following the Vector Packet. All message bits in the message packet
are unused and should be ignored.

Table B-39

Short Instruction Vector Definition

Description

000

Temporary address assignment

001

Reserved

010

Reserved

011

Reserved

100

Reserved

101

Reserved

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MC68181

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B-36

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

Message Packet

The Message Field follows the Vector Field in the FLEX protocol. It contains the
message data, checksum information, and may contain fragment numbers and
message numbers. See

Appendix A

for additional information. If the error bit of a

vector word is not set and the vector word indicates that there are message words
associated with the page, the message words are sent in Message Packets. The ID of
the Message Packet is the word number where the message word was received in the
frame.

110

Reserved

111

Reserved for test

Note:

Assigned temporary address (a) and assigned frame (f). See

Appendix C

for additional

information.

= Instruction type--These bits define the meaning of the d bits in this packet.

= Unused bits--The value of these bits is not guaranteed.

Table B-40

Message Packet Bit Assignments

Byte

Bit 7

Bit 6

Bit 5

Bit 4

Bit 3

Bit 2

Bit 1

Bit 0

WN6

WN5

WN4

WN3

WN2

WN1

WN0

Note:

WN = Word number of message word (387 decimal)--Describes the location of the message word in
the frame
e is set if more than 2 bit errors are detected in the word.
p = Phase on which the message word was found (0 = a, 1 = b, 2 = c, 3 = d)
i = information bits of the message word--The definitions of these bits depend on the vector type and
which word of the message is being received. See

Appendix A

for a detailed description of these

bits.

Table B-39

Short Instruction Vector Definition

Description

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MC68181

Decoder-to-Host Packet Descriptions

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

B-37

Roaming Status Packet

The FLEX chip IC will prompt the host to read a Roaming Status Packet if RSR, MS1,
MFI, MS2, MBI, MAW, NDR

, NDR

, NBU, or SCU is set.

RE-SYNCHRONIZATION SIGNAL RECEIVED (RSR)

This bit is set when the FLEX chip detected a re-synchronization signal and the host
configured FLEX chip to ignore it via the IRS bit in the roaming control packet. This
bit is cleared when read.

MISSED SYNCHRONIZATION 1 (MS1)

This bit is set when the FLEX chip failed to detect the first synchronization pattern
(A / A) of a FLEX frame and FLEX chip was configured to report missed frame
information via the MFC bit in the roaming control packet. This bit is cleared when
read.

MISSED FRAME INFORMATION WORD (MFI)

This bit is set when the frame information word is received with an uncorrectable
number of errors and FLEX chip was configured to report missed frame information
via the MFC bit in the roaming control packet. This bit is cleared when read.

MISSED SYNCHRONIZATION 2 (MS2)

This bit is set when the FLEX chip failed to detect the second synchronization pattern
(C / C) of a frame and FLEX chip was configured to report missed frame information
via the MFC bit in the roaming control packet. This bit is cleared when read.

MISSED BLOCK INFORMATION WORD (MBI)

This bit is set when at least one of the block information word ones is received with
an uncorrectable number of errors and FLEX chip was configured to report missed
frame information via the MFC bit in the roaming control packet. This bit is set no
more than once per frame regardless of the number of phases in the frame. This bit is
cleared when read.

Table 1: Roaming Status Packet Bit Assignments

Byte

Bit 7

Bit 6

Bit 5

Bit 4

Bit 3

Bit 2

Bit 1

Bit 0

RSR

MS1

MFI

MS2

MBI

MAW

NBU

NDR

SCU

RSC

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MC68181

Decoder-to-Host Packet Descriptions

B-38

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

MISSED ADDRESS WORD (MAW)

This bit is set when any address words in the address field is received with an
uncorrectable number of errors and FLEX chip was configured to report missed
frame information via the MFC bit in the roaming control packet. This bit is set no
more than once per frame regardless of the number of address words in the frame.
This bit is cleared when read.

NETWORK BIT UPDATE (NBU)

This bit is set when the NBC bit in the roaming control packet is set and a frame
information word is received with a correctable number of errors. This bit will not be
set when the frame information word is not received due to missing the first
synchronization pattern (A / A). This bit is cleared when read.

NETWORK BIT VALUE (n)

When NBU is set, this is the value of the n bit in the last received frame information
word.

NOISE DETECT RESULT (NDR)

These bits indicate the result of a noise detect. The results of noise detects initiated by
setting the SND bit in the roaming control packet will always be reported. The results
of the automatic noise detects performed in asynchronous mode will only be
reported if the RND bit is set in the roaming control packet. When continuous noise
detects during block data are enabled by setting the CND bit in the roaming control
packet, only the "No FLEX signal detected" result will be reported. These bits are
cleared when read.

SYSTEM COLLAPSE UPDATE (SCU)

This bit is set when the FLEX chip IC is configured for manual collapse mode by
setting the MCM bit in the roaming control packet and the system collapse of a frame
is received. This bit is set no more than once per frame regardless of the number of
phases in the frame. This bit will not be set in frames in which no block information
word ones is received properly. This bit is cleared when read.

Table 2-41

Noise Detect Result Bit Settings

NDR

Noise Detect Result

No Information

Noise Detect was abandoned

FLEX signal detected

FLEX signal not detected

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MC68181

Decoder-to-Host Packet Descriptions

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

B-39

RECEIVED SYSTEM COLLAPSE (RSC)

When SCU is set, this value represents the system collapse value that was received in
the frame.

Receiver Shutdown Packet

The Shutdown Packet is sent in both synchronous and asynchronous mode. It is
designed to indicate to the host that the receiver is turned off and how much time
there is until the FLEX chip will automatically turn it back on.

FRAME NUMBER VALID (FNV)

This bit is set if the last frame info word was correctable and the frame number was
the expected value. When in asynchronous mode, this value will be 0.

CURRENT FRAME (CF)

When in synchronous mode, this is the current frame number. This value is latched
on the negative edge of the READY line when this packet is sent to the host. The
value of this field is valid only if the FLEX chip IC is in synchronous mode and the
FIV bit in the status packet is set. When in asynchronous mode, this value will be 0.

TIME TO NEXT FRAME (TNF)

When in synchronous mode TNF indicates the time to the start of the A-word check if
the FLEX chip IC were to warm up for the next frame. When in asynchronous mode
TNF indicates the time to the start of the next automatic noise detect. See

Using the

Receiver Shutdown Packet

on page C-12 for an explanation on how to use this

value. This value is latched on the negative edge of the READY line when this packet
is sent to the host.

FRAME CARRIED ON FCO)

This bit is set if the FLEX chip IC is decoding the next frame due to the reception of a
non-zero carry-on value in a previous frame. When in asynchronous mode, this value
will be 0.

Table 2-42

Receiver Shut Down Packet Bit Assignments

Byte

Bit 7

Bit 6

Bit 5

Bit 4

Bit 3

Bit 2

Bit 1

Bit 0

FNV

TNF

FCO

NAF

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MC68181

Decoder-to-Host Packet Descriptions

B-40

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

NEXT ASSIGNED FRAME (NAF)

This is the frame number of next frame the FLEX chip IC was scheduled to decode
when the receiver shut down. The value of this field is valid only if the FLEX chip IC
is in synchronous mode and the FIV bit in the status packet is set. When in
asynchronous mode this value will be 0.

Status Packet

The Status Packet contains various types of information that the host may require.
The Status Packet will be sent to the host whenever the FLEX chip IC is polled and
has no other data to send. The FLEX chip IC can also prompt the host to read the
Status Packet due to events for which the FLEX chip IC was configured to send it
(see

Configuration Packet

on page B-8 and

Control Packet

on page B-11 for a

detailed description of the bits). The FLEX chip IC prompts the host to read a Status
Packet if one of the following is true:

The MT bit in the Status Packet and the MTE bit in the Configuration Packet
are set.

The EOF bit in the Status Packet is set.

The LBU bit in the Status Packet is set.

The EA bit in the Status Packet is set.

The BOE bit in the Status Packet is set.

The ID of the Status Packet is 127 (decimal)

FRAME INFO VALID (FIV)

The FIV bit is set when a valid frame info word has been received since becoming
synchronous to the system and the f and c fields contain valid values. If this bit is
clear, no valid frame info words have been received since the FLEX chip IC became
synchronous to the system. This value will change from 0 to 1 at the end of block 0 of
the frame in which the 1st frame info word was properly received. It will be cleared
when the FLEX chip IC goes into Asynchronous mode. This bit is initialized to 0

Table B-43

Status Packet Bit Assignments

Byte

Bit 7

Bit 6

Bit 5

Bit 4

Bit 3

Bit 2

Bit 1

Bit 0

FIV

SMU

LBU

EOF

BOE

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MC68181

Decoder-to-Host Packet Descriptions

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

B-41

when the FLEX chip IC is reset and when the FLEX chip IC is turned off by clearing
the ON bit in the Control Packet.

CURRENT FRAME NUMBER (f)

This value is updated every frame regardless of whether the FLEX chip IC needs to
decode the frame. This value will change to its proper value for a frame at the end of
block 0 of the frame. The value of these bits is not guaranteed when FIV is 0.

SYNCHRONOUS MODE (SM)

This bit is set when the FLEX chip IC is synchronous to the system. The FLEX chip IC
will set this bit when the first synchronization words are received. It will clear this bit
when synchronization to the FLEX signal is lost. This bit is initialized to 0 when the
FLEX chip IC is reset and when it is turned off by clearing the ON bit in the Control
Packet.

LOW BATTERY (LB)

The LB bit is set to the value last read from the LOBAT pin. The host controls when
the LOBAT pin is read via the Receiver Control Packets. This bit is initialized to 0 at
reset. It is also initialized to the inverse of the LBP bit in the Configuration Packet
when the FLEX chip IC is turned on by setting the ON bit in the Control Packet.

CURRENT SYSTEM CYCLE NUMBER (c)

This value is updated every frame regardless of whether the FLEX chip IC needs to
decode the frame.This value will change to its proper value for a frame at the end of
block 0 of the frame. The value of these bits is not guaranteed when FIV is 0.

SYNCHRONOUS MODE UPDATE (SMU)

The SM bit is set if the SM bit has been updated in this packet. When the FLEX chip IC
is turned on, this bit will be set when the first synchronization words are found (SM
changes to 1) or when the first synchronization search window after the FLEX chip IC
is turned on expires (SM stays 0). The latter condition gives the host the option of
assuming the paging device is in range when it is turned on, and displaying out-of-
range only after the initial A search window expires. After the initial Synchronous
mode update, the SMU bit will be set whenever the FLEX chip IC transitions from/to
Synchronous mode. Cleared when read. Changes in the SM bit due to turning off the
FLEX chip IC will not cause the SMU bit to be set. This bit is initialized to 0 when the
FLEX chip IC is reset.

LOW BATTERY UPDATE (LBU)

The LBU bit is set if the value on two consecutive reads of the LOBAT pin yielded
different results and is cleared when read. The host controls when the LOBAT pin is
read via the Receiver Control Packets. Changes in the LB bit due to turning on the
FLEX chip IC will not cause the LBU bit to be set. This bit is initialized to 0 when the
FLEX chip IC is reset.

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MC68181

Decoder-to-Host Packet Descriptions

B-42

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

MINUTE TIME-OUT (MT)

The MT bit is set if one minute has elapsed. The bit is cleared when read. This bit is
initialized to 0 when the FLEX chip IC is reset.

END OF FRAME (EOF)

The EOF bit is set when the FLEX chip IC is in All Frame mode and the end of frame
has been reached. The FLEX chip IC is in All Frame mode if the All Frames mode
enable counter is non-zero, if any temporary address enabled counter is non-zero, or
if the FAF bit in the All Frame Mode Packet is set. The bit is cleared when read. This
bit is initialized to 0 when the FLEX chip IC is reset.

END OF ADDRESSES (EA)

If EAE of the control packet is set and an address is detected in a frame, EA will be set
after FLEX chip processes the last address in the frame. Since data packets take
priority over the status packet, the status packet with the EA bit set is guaranteed to
come after all address packets for the frame. This bit is cleared when read, and
initialized to 0 when the FLEX chip IC is reset.

BUFFER OVERFLOW ERROR (BOE)

The BOE bit is set when information has been lost due to slow host response time.
When the SPI transmit buffer on the FLEX chip IC overflows, the FLEX chip IC clears
the transmit buffer, turns off decoding by clearing the ON bit in the Control Packet,
and sets this bit. The bit is cleared when read. This bit is initialized to 0 when the
FLEX chip IC is reset.

UNUSED BITS (x)

The value of these bits is not guaranteed.

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MC68181

Decoder-to-Host Packet Descriptions

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

B-43

Part ID Packet

The Part ID Packet is sent by the FLEX chip IC whenever the FLEX chip IC is disabled
due to the checksum feature (see

Checksum Packet

on page B-6). Since the FLEX

chip IC is disabled after reset, this is the first packet that will be received by the host
after reset. The ID of the Part ID Packet is 255 (decimal).

MODEL (MDL)

This identifies the FLEX chip model. Current value is 0.

COMPATIBILITY ID (CID)

This value describes what other parts with the same model number are compatible
with this part. Current value is 3. Any future versions of FLEX chip that have MDL
set to 0 and CID

set to 1 will be 100% compatible to this version.

CID

is set to 1 because this chip is 100% backwards compatible to the standard

FLEX chip.

REVISION (REV)

This identifies the revision and manufacturer of the FLEX chip. Currently defined
values are as follows.

Table B-44

Part ID Packet Bit Assignments

Byte

Bit 7

Bit 6

Bit 5

Bit 4

Bit 3

Bit 2

Bit 1

Bit 0

MDL

CID

REV

Table B-45

FLEX chip Revisions

REV

Description

0,1,2,4

Pre-production Parts

Motorola Semiconductor Products Sector Production Parts

Texas Instruments Production Parts

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MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

C-1

APPENDIX C

APPLICATION NOTES

RECEIVER CONTROL

Introduction

The FLEXchip IC has 8 programmable receiver control lines (S0S7). The host has
control of the receiver warm up and shut down timing, as well as all of the various
settings on the control lines through configuration registers on the FLEXchip IC. The
configuration registers for most settings allow the host to configure:

What setting is applied to the control lines,

How long to apply the setting, and

If the LOBAT input pin is polled before changing from the setting.

With this programmability, the FLEXchip IC is able to interface with many off-the-
shelf receiver ICs. For details on the configuration of the receiver control settings, see

Receiver Control Configuration Packets

on page B-19.

Receiver Settings at Reset

The receiver control ports are tri-state outputs that are set to the high-impedance state
when the FLEXchip IC is reset and until the corresponding FRS bit in the Receiver
Line Control Packet is set, or until the FLEXchip IC is turned on by setting the ON bit
in the Control Packet. This allows the designer to force the receiver control lines to the
receiver off setting with external pull-up or pull-down resistors before the host can
configure these settings in the FLEXchip IC. When the FLEXchip IC is turned on, the
receiver control ports are driven to the settings configured by the Receiver Control
Configuration Packets until the FLEXchip IC is reset again.

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MC68181

Receiver Control

C-2

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

Automatic Receiver Warm Up Sequence

The FLEXchip IC allows for up to six steps associated with warming up the receiver.
When the FLEXchip IC automatically turns on the receiver, it starts the warm up
sequence 160 ms before it requires valid signals at the EXTS0 and EXTS1 input pins.
The first step of the warm up sequence involves leaving the receiver control lines in
the "Off" state for the amount of time programmed for "Warm Up Off Time". At the
end of the "Warm Up Off Time", the first warm up setting, if enabled, is applied to
the receiver control lines for the amount of time programmed for that setting. Each
subsequent warm up setting is applied to the receiver control lines for their
corresponding time until a disabled warm up setting is found. At the end of the last
used warm up setting, the "1600 sps Sync Setting" or the "3200 sps Sync Setting" is
applied to the receiver control lines depending on the current state of the FLEXchip
IC. The sum total of all of the used warm up times and the "Warm Up Off Time"
must not exceed 160 ms. If it exceeds 160 ms, the FLEXchip IC will execute the
receiver shut down sequence at the end of the 160 ms warm up period. The receiver
warm up sequence while decoding when all warm up settings are enabled.enabled is
shown in

Figure C-1

below..

Host Initiated Receiver Warm Up Sequence

The host can cause the FLEXchip IC to warm-up the receiver in three ways:

By turning on FLEXchip by setting the ON bit in the control packet

By requesting a noise detect by setting the SND bit in the roaming control
packet

BY requesting an A-word search by setting the SAS bit in the roaming control
packet

Figure C-1 Automatic Receiver Warm Up Sequence

Warm Up

Setting 5

Warm Up

Setting 4

Warm Up

Setting 3

Warm Up

Setting 2

Warm Up

Setting 1

1600 sps or 3200 sps

Sync Setting

Off

Receiver

Control

Line

160 ms

Warm Up

Off Time

Warm Up

Time 1

Warm Up

Time 2

Warm Up

Time 3

Warm Up

Time 4

Warm Up

Time5

EXTS1 & EXTS0

Signals are

Expected to be

Valid Here

Possible

LOBAT

Check

Possible

LOBAT

Check

Possible

LOBAT

Check

Possible

LOBAT

Check

Possible

LOBAT

Check

Possible

LOBAT

Check

Setting

AA1236

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MC68181

Receiver Control

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

C-3

When the FLEXchip IC warms up the receiver in response to one of these host
requests, the first warm up setting, if enabled, is applied to the receiver control lines
for the amount of time programmed for that setting. Each subsequent warm up
setting is applied to the receiver control lines for their corresponding time until a
disabled warm up setting is found. Once a disabled warm up setting is found, the
"3200sps Sync Setting" (for ON and SND warm ups) or the "1600sps Sync Setting"
(for SAS warm ups) is applied to the receiver control lines and the decoder does not
expect valid signal until after the "3200sps Sync Warm Up Time" (for ON, SND, and
SAS warm ups) has expired.

Figure C-2

shows the receiver warm up sequence when

the host initiates a warm-up sequence, and when all warm up settings are enabled.

Receiver Shut Down Sequence

The FLEXchip IC allows for up to three steps associated with shutting down the
receiver. When the FLEXchip IC decides to turn off the receiver, the first shut down
setting, if enabled, is applied to the receiver control lines for the corresponding shut
down time. At the end of the last used shut down time, the "Off" setting is applied to
the receiver control lines. If the first shut down setting is not enabled, the FLEXchip
IC will transition directly from the current "On" setting to the "Off" setting.

Figure C-3

shows the receiver turn off sequence when all shut down settings are

enabled.

If the receiver is on or being warmed up when the decoder is turned off (by clearing
the ON bit in the Control Packet), the FLEXchip IC will execute the receiver
shutdown sequence. If the FLEXchip IC is executing the shut down sequence when
the FLEXchip IC is turned on (by setting the ON bit in the Control Packet), the
FLEXchip IC will complete the shut down sequence before starting the warm up
sequence.

Figure C-2 Host Initiated Receiver Warm Up Sequence

Warm Up

Setting 5

Warm Up

Setting 4

Warm Up

Setting 3

Warm Up

Setting 2

Warm Up

Setting 1

3200 sps

Sync Setting

Off

Receiver

Control

Line Setting

Warm Up

Time 1

Warm Up

Time 2

Warm Up

Time 3

Warm Up

Time 4

Warm Up

Time5

EXTS1 & EXTS0

signals are

expected to be

valid here.

Possible

LOBAT

Check

Possible

LOBAT

Check

Possible

LOBAT

Check

Possible

LOBAT

Check

Possible

LOBAT

Check

Possible

LOBAT

Check

Warm Up

Time

Sync

3200 sps

AA1237

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MC68181

Receiver Control

C-4

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

Miscellaneous Receiver States

In addition to the Warm Up and Shut Down states, the FLEXchip IC has four other
receiver states. When these settings are applied to the receiver control lines, the
FLEXchip IC will be decoding the EXTS1 and EXTS0 input signals. The timing of
these signals and their duration depends on the data the FLEXchip IC decodes. The
four settings are as follows:

1600 sps Sync Setting

--This setting is applied when the FLEXchip IC is

searching for a 1600 symbols per second signal.

3200 sps Sync Setting

--This setting is applied when the FLEXchip IC is

searching for a 3200 symbols per second signal.

1600 sps Data Setting

--This setting is applied after the FLEXchip IC has

found the C or C sync word in a 1600 symbols per second frame.

3200 sps Data Setting

--This setting is applied after the FLEXchip IC has

found the C or C sync word in a 3200 symbols per second frame.

Figure C-4

below shows some examples of how these settings will be used in the

FLEXchip IC.

Figure C-3 Receiver Shut Down Sequence

Shut Down

Setting 1

1600 sps or 3200 sps

Sync or Data Setting

Off

Receiver

Control

Line Setting

Shut Down

Time 1

Shut Down

Time 2

Shut Down

Setting 2

Possible

LOBAT

Check

Possible

LOBAT

Check

Possible

LOBAT

Check

AA1238

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MC68181

Message Building

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

C-5

Low Battery Detection

The FLEXchip IC can be configured to poll the LOBAT input pin at the end of every
receiver control setting. This check can be enabled or disabled for each receiver
control setting. If the poll is enabled for a setting, the pin will be read just before the
FLEXchip IC changes the receiver control lines from that setting to another setting.
The FLEXchip IC will send a Status Packet whenever the value on two consecutive
reads of the LOBAT pin yields different results.

MESSAGE BUILDING

A simple message consists of an Address Packet followed by a Vector Packet
indicating the word numbers of associated Message Packets.The tables below show a
more complex example of receiving three Messages and two Block Information Word
Packets in the first two blocks of a 2 phase 3200 bps, FLEX frame.

Note:

The messages shown may be portions of fragmented or group messages.
Furthermore, in the case of a 6400 bps FLEX signal, there would be four
phases: A, B, C and D, and in the case of a 1600 bps signal there would be only
a single phase A.

Table C-1

on page 6 shows the block number, Word Number (WN) and word

content of both phases A and C. Note contents of words not meant to be received by
the host are left blank. Each phase begins with a block information word (WN 0), that

Figure C-4 Examples of Receiver Control Transitions

1600 sps Sync

Setting

1600 sps Data or 3200 sps Data

or Last Used Warm Up Setting

Receiver

Control

Line Setting

Possible

LOBAT

Check

Possible

LOBAT

Check

Possible

LOBAT

Check

3200 sps

Sync Setting

3200 sps Data

Setting

Sync 1

Frame

Info

Sync 2

Block 0

Block 10

FLEX

Signal

1600sps Sync

Setting

1600 sps Data or 3200 sps Data

or Last Used Warm Up Setting

Receiver

Control

Line Setting

Possible

LOBAT

Check

Possible

LOBAT

Check

1600 sps Data

Setting

Example #1

Example #2

AA1239

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MC68181

Message Building

C-6

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

is not sent to the host. The first message is in phase A and has an address (WN 3),
vector (WN 7), and three message words (WN 911). The second message is also in
phase A and has an address (WN 4), a vector (WN 8), and four message words (WN
1215). The third message is in phase C and has a 2 word long address (WN 56)
followed by a vector (WN 10) and three message words. Since the third message is
sent on a long address, the first message word (WN 11) begins immediately after the
vector. The vector indicates the location of the second and third message words (WN
1415).

Table C-2

on page C-7 shows the sequence of packets received by the host. The

FLEXchip processes the FLEX signal one block at a time, and one phase at a time.
Thus, the address and vector information in block 0 phase A is packetized and sent to
the host in packets 13. Then information in block 0 phase C, two block information
words and one long address, is packetized and sent to the host in packets 46. Packets
718 correspond to information in block 1, processed in phase A first and phase C
second.

Table C-1

FLEX SIGNAL

BLOCK

Word

Number

PHASE A

PHASE C

BIW1

BIW

ADDRESS 1

BIW

ADDRESS 2

LONG ADDRESS 3 WORD 1

LONG ADDRESS 3 WORD 2

VECTOR 1

VECTOR 2

MESSAGE 1, 1

MESSAGE 1, 2

VECTOR 3

MESSAGE 1, 3

MESSAGE 3, 1

MESSAGE 2, 1

MESSAGE 2, 2

MESSAGE 2, 3

MESSAGE 3, 2

MESSAGE 2, 4

MESSAGE 3, 3

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MC68181

Message Building

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

C-7

The first message is built by relating packets 1, 3, and 810. The second message is
built by relating packets 2, 7, and 1114. The third message is built by relating packets
6 and 1518. Additionally, the host may process block information in packets 4 and 5
for time setting information.

Table C-2

FLEXchip PACKET SEQUENCE

PACKET

TYPE

PHASE

WORD

NUMBER

COMMENT

1st

ADDRESS

N.A. (7)

Address 1 has a vector located at WN 7.

2nd

ADDRESS

N.A. (8)

Address 2 has a vector located at WN 8.

3rd

VECTOR

Vector for Address 1: Message Words
located at WN = 9 to 11, phase A

4th

BIW

N.A.

If BIWs enabled, then BIW packet sent

5th

BIW

N.A.

If BIWs enabled, then BIW packet sent

6th

LONG

ADDRESS

N.A. (10)

Long Address 3 has a vector beginning in
word 10 of phase C.

7th

VECTOR

Vector for Address 2: Message Words
located at WN = 12 to 15, phase A

8th

MESSAGE

Message information for Address 1

9th

MESSAGE

Message information for Address 1

10th

MESSAGE

Message information for Address 1

11th

MESSAGE

Message information for Address 2

12th

MESSAGE

Message information for Address 2

13th

MESSAGE

Message information for Address 2

14th

MESSAGE

Message information for Address 2

15th

VECTOR

Vector for Long Address 3: Message
Words located at WN = 1415, phase C

16th

MESSAGE

Second word of Long Vector is first
message information word of Address 3.

17th

MESSAGE

Message information for Address 3

18th

MESSAGE

Message information for Address 3

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MC68181

Building a Fragmented Message

C-8

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

BUILDING A FRAGMENTED MESSAGE

The longest message that will fit into a frame is eighty-four code words total of
message data. Three alpha characters per word yields a maximum message of 252
characters in a frame assuming no other traffic. Messages longer than this value must
be sent as several fragments.

Additional fragments can be expected when the "continue bit" in the 1st Message
Word is set. This causes the pager to examine every following frame for an additional
fragment until the last fragment with the continue bit reset is found. The only
requirement relating to the placement in time of the remaining fragments is that no
more than thirty-two frames (1 minute) or 128 frames (4 minutes) as indicated by the
service provider may pass between fragment receptions.

Each fragment contains a check sum character to detect errors in the fragment, a
fragment number 0, 1, or 2 to detect missing fragments, a message number to identify
which message the fragment is a part, and the continue bit, which either indicates
that more fragments are in queue or that the last fragment has been received. All of
this information is described in

FLEX Message Word Definitions

on page A-7.

The following describes the sequence of events between the host and the FLEXchip IC
required to handle a fragmented message:

1. The host receives a vector indicating one of the following types:

2. The FLEXchip IC increments the All Frame mode counter inside the FLEXchip

IC and begin to decode all of the following frames.

3. The host receives the Message Packet(s) contained within that frame, followed

by a Status Packet. The host must decide based on the Message Packet to
return to normal decoding operation. If the message is indicated as
fragmented by the Message Continued Flag "C" being set in the Message
Packet for a Secure, Alphanumeric or Hex/Binary Message, then the host
does not decrement the All Frame mode counter at this time. The host
decrements the counter if the Message Continued Flag "C" is clear by writing
the All Frame Mode Packet to the FLEXchip IC with the "DAF" bit = 1. If no
other fragments, temporary addresses are pending or the FAF bit is clear in

Table C-3

Message Type Definition

Type

000

Secure

101

Alphanumeric

110

Hex / Binary

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MC68181

Building a Fragmented Message

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

C-9

the All Frame Mode Register, then the FLEXchip IC returns to normal
operation.

4. The FLEXchip IC continues to decode all of the frames and passes any address

information, vector information and message information to the host followed
by a status packet indicating the end of the frame. If the message is indicated
as fragmented by the Message Continued Flag "C" in the Message Packet for
a Secure, Alphanumeric or Hex/Binary Message then the host remains in the
Receive mode expecting more information from the FLEXchip IC.

5. After the host receives the second and subsequent fragment with the Message

Continued Flag "C" = 1, it should decrement the All Frame mode counter by
sending an All Frame Mode Packet to the FLEXchip IC with the "DAF" bit =
1. Alternatively, the host may choose to decrement the counter at the end of
the entire message by decrementing the counter once for each fragment
received.

6. When the host receives a Message Packet with the Message Continued Flag

"C" = 0, it will send two All Frame Mode Packets to the FLEXchip IC with the
"DAF" bit = 1. The two packets decrement the count for the first fragment and
the last fragment. This decrements the All Frame mode counter to zero, if no
other fragmented messages, or temporary addresses are pending or the FAF
bit is clear in the All Frame Mode Register, and returns the FLEXchip IC to
normal operation.

7. The above process must be repeated for each occurrence of a fragmented

message. The host must keep track of the number of fragmented messages
being decoded and insure the all frame mode counter decrements after each
fragment or after each fragmented message.

Table C-4

Alphanumeric Message Without Fragmentation

PACKET

TYPE

PHASE

All Frame

Counter

COMMENT

1st

ADDRESS 1

Address 1 is received

2nd

VECTOR 1

Vector = Alphanumeric Type

3rd

MESSAGE

Message Word received "C" bit = 0; No
more fragments are expected.

4th

TBD

Host writes All Frame Mode Packet to
the FLEXchip IC with the "DAF" Bit = 1

Note:

TBD--Host Initiated Packet. The FLEXchip IC returns a packet according to

Decoder-to-Host

Packet Descriptions

on page B-27

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MC68181

Building a Fragmented Message

C-10

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

Table C-5

Alphanumeric Message with fragmentation

PACKET

TYPE

PHASE

All Frame

Counter

COMMENT

1st

ADDRESS 1

Address 1 is received

2nd

VECTOR 1

Vector = Alphanumeric Type

3rd

MESSAGE

Message Word received "C" bit = 1,
Message is fragmented, more expected

4th

STATUS

End of Frame Indication (EOF = 1)

5th

ADDRESS 1

Address 1 is received

6th

VECTOR 1

Vector = Alphanumeric Type

7th

MESSAGE

Message Word received "C" bit = 1,
Message is fragmented, more expected.

8th

TBD

Host writes All Frame Mode Packet to
the FLEXchip IC with the "DAF" bit = 1

9th

STATUS

End of Frame Indication (EOF = 1)

10th

ADDRESS 1

Address 1 is received

11th

VECTOR 1

Vector = Alphanumeric type

12th

MESSAGE

Message Word received "C" bit = 0, No
more fragments are expected.

13th

TBD

Host writes All Frame Mode Packet to
the FLEXchip IC with the "DAF" bit = 1

14th

TBD

Host writes All Frame Mode Packet to
the FLEXchip IC with the "DAF" bit = 1

Note:

TBD--Host Initiated Packet. The FLEXchip IC returns a packet according to

Decoder-to-Host

Packet Descriptions

on page B-27

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MC68181

Operation of a Temporary Address

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

C-11

OPERATION OF A TEMPORARY ADDRESS

Group Messaging

The FLEX protocol allows for a dynamic group call for the purpose of sending a
common message to a group of paging devices. The dynamic group call approach
assigns a "Temporary Address", using the personal address and the short instruction
vector. The temporary address must be disabled by the host after the message is
completed.

The FLEX protocol specifies sixteen addresses for the dynamic group call, which may
be temporarily activated in a specific future frame (If the designated frame is equal to
the present frame, the host is to interpret this as the next occurrence of this frame 4
minutes in the future.) The temporary address is valid for one message starting in the
specified frame and remaining valid throughout the following frames to the
completion of the message. If the message is not found in the specified frame (frame
defined by a full 7-bit frame number), the host must disable the assigned temporary
address.

The following describes the sequence of events between the Host and the FLEXchip
IC required to handle a temporary address:

1. Following an Address Packet, the host will receive a Vector Packet with

= 001 and i

= 000 for a Short Instruction Vector indicating a

temporary address has been assigned to this pager. The vector packet will
indicate which temporary address is assigned and the frame in which the
temporary address is expected.

2. The FLEXchip IC will increment the corresponding temporary address

counter and begin to decode all of the following frames.

3. The FLEXchip IC continues to decode all of the frames and passes any address

information, vector information, and message information to the host,
followed by a status packet indicating the end of each frame and the current
frame number.

4. There are several scenarios that may occur with temporary addresses.

a. The temporary address is not found in the frame assigned and therefore

the host must terminate the Temporary Address mode by sending an All
Frame Mode Packet to the FLEXchip IC with the "DTA" bit of the
particular temporary address set.

b. The temporary address is found in the frame it was assigned and was not

a fragmented message. Again, the host must terminate the Temporary
Address mode by sending an All Frame Mode Packet to the FLEXchip IC
with the "DTA" bit of the particular temporary address set.

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MC68181

Using the Receiver Shutdown Packet

C-12

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

c. The temporary address is found in the assigned frame and it is a

fragmented message. In this case, the host must follow the rules for
Operation of a Fragmented Message and determine the proper time to
stop the All Frame mode operation. In this case, the host must write to the
"DAF" bit with a "1" and the appropriate "DTA" bit with a "1" in the All
Frame Mode Register in order to terminate both the fragmented message
and the temporary address.

5. The above operation is repeated for every temporary address.

USING THE RECEIVER SHUTDOWN PACKET

Calculating Time Left

The receiver shutdown packet gives timing information to the host. Two times are of
particular interest when implementing a roaming algorithm.

TimeToWarmUpStart is defined as the amount of time there is before the
receiver will start to warm up (i.e. transition from the off state to the first
warm up state).

TimeToTasksDisabled is defined as the amount of time the host has to complete
any host initiated tasks (e.g. by setting SND or SAS in the roaming control
packet).

The formulas for calculating these times depend on whether the FLEXchip is
in synchronous mode or asynchronous mode.

SYNCHRONOUS MODE:

ASYNCHRONOUS MODE:

TimeToWarmUpStart

TNF 80ms

(

)

SkippedFrames 1874.375ms

(

)

ReceiverOffTime

167.5ms

TimeToTasksDisabled

TNF 80ms

(

)

SkippedFrames 1874.375ms

(

)

247.5ms

TimeToWarmUpStart

TNF

(

)

80ms

(

)

ReceiverOffTime

TimeToTasksDisabled

TNF

(

)

80ms

(

)

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MC68181

Using the Receiver Shutdown Packet

MOTOROLA

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

C-13

Where

Calculating How Long Tasks Take

Since the TimeToTaskDisabled discussed in the previous section limits how much the
host can do while the FLEXchip IC is battery saving, it is necessary for the host to
know how long it can take the FLEXchip IC to perform a task.

The formulas below calculate how long the two types of host initiated tasks take to
complete as measured from the last SPI clock of the packet that initiates the task to
the time the receiver shutdown sequence starts. Note that the receiver shutdown
sequence must start before tasks are disabled.

Noise Detect

The following formula calculates how long it will take to complete a Noise Detect
started by setting the SND bit in the roaming control packet. This formula assumes
that (1) the noise detect was performed while in synchronous mode or (2) the noise
detect was performed in asynchronous mode and did not find FLEX signal or (3) the
noise detect found FLEX signal but the DAS bit of the roaming control packet was set.

Where

TNF

Time to Next Frame. Value from the receiver shutdown
packet.

SkippedFrames

The number of frames that will not be decoded. This can be
calculated from the Current Frame (CF) and Next Needed
Frame (NAF) fields in the receiver shutdown packet (e.g. If
CF is 10 and NAF is 12, then SkippedFrames is 1)

ReceiverOffTime

The time programmed in the receiver off setting packet.

TotalWarmUpTime

The sum of the times programmed for the used warm up
steps plus the time programmed for the 3200sps Sync
Setting in the receiver control configuration packets.

TimeToPerformNoiseDetect

TotalWarmUpTime

82ms

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MC68181

Using the Receiver Shutdown Packet

C-14

MC68181 Technical Data Sheet

MOTOROLA

The following formula calculates how long it will take to complete an A-word search
initiated by setting the SAS bit in the roaming control packet. This formula assumes
that the A-word search failed to find roaming FLEX channel.

Where

Noise Detect / A-word Search

The following formula calculates how long it will take to complete a Noise Detect/A-
word search combination. This can occur when the noise detect is performed while in
asynchronous mode, the noise detect finds FLEX signal, and the DAS bit of the
roaming control packet is not set.

Where

TotalWarmUpTime

The sum of the times programmed for the used warm
up steps plus the time programmed for the 3200sps Sync
Setting in the receiver control configuration packets.

AST

The value configured using the timing control packet.

TotalWarmUpTime

The sum of the times programmed for the used warm
up steps plus the time programmed for the 3200sps
Sync Setting in the receiver control configuration
packets.

AST

The value configured using the timing control packet.

TimeToPerformAwordSearch

TotalWarmUpTime

AST

47ms

TimeToPerformBoth

TotalWarmUpTime

AST

127ms

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Document Outline

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