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H k h [ _ g g h k l b
:
_ _ _ [
( ^ _ \ b Z p b y : e e Z g Z
) a Z 1 k ^ h
5x10
-12
_ _ ] _ [ _ _
< _ _ [
5x10
-9
> ] _ _ [
5x10
-8
k m l d b
_
>
4,0...21,0 F = p
H ; H A G : Q ? G B ?
: = D 75 TC 5 F
I j b f _ q Z g b y
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D F H I
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-
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40-60%
H k e Z [ e _ g b _ ] Z j f h g b d
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L _ f i _ j Z l m j g Z y g _ k l Z [ b e v g h k l v
q Z k l h l u \ b g l _ j \ Z e _ j Z [ h q b o
l _ f i _ j Z l m j
, x10
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-10...+60
o
C
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:
<
0,5; <
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2
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o
C
<
3; <
4; <
5
G _ k l Z [ b e v g h k l v q Z k l h l u a Z k m l d b
j Z [ h l u q _ j _ a
4 q j Z [ h l u
: (x10
-9
)
< u [ b j Z _ l k y b a j y ^ Z
:
<
3; <
5; <
7,5; <
10
1 k m l d b i h k e _ \ d e x q _ g b y
<
2; <
3; <
6,0; <
7,5
G _ k l Z [ b e v g h k l v q Z k l h l u h l
b a f _ g _ g b c g Z i j y ` _ g b y i b l Z g b y
<
1x10
-9
G Z i j y ` _ g b _ i b l Z g b y
12 <
10%
G _ k l Z [ b e v g h k l v q Z k l h l u h l
b a f _ g _ g b c g Z ] j m a d b
<
2x10
-9
< j _ f y m k l Z g h \ e _ g b y q Z k l h l u i j b
l _ f i _ j Z l m j _
25
o
C k l h q g h k l v x
1x10
-7
< u [ b j Z _ l k y b a j y ^ Z
:
" 5 f b g ; " 7 f b g
5x10
-8
"
7 f b g ; " 8,5 f b g
L h d , i h l j _ [ e y _ f u c \
m k l Z g h \ b \ r _ f k y j _ ` b f _ i j b
+25
o
C
< 35 f A
< 40 f A
L h d , i h l j _ [ e y _ f u c \ h \ j _ f y \ d e x
-
q _ g b y i j b i h g b ` _ g g h c l _ f i
. k j _ ^ u
< 500 f A
I j _ ^ _ e u i _ j _ k l j h c d b q Z k l h l u
h l g h k b l _ e v g h g h f b g Z e v g h ] h a g Z q _ g b y
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g Z i j y ` _ g b y h l
1 ^ h 8 <
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M k e h \ b y w d k i e m Z l Z p b b
K b g m k h b ^ Z e v g Z y \ b [ j Z p b y
> b Z i Z a h g q Z k l h l
1-500 = p
: f i e b l m ^ Z m k d h j _ g b y
5 g
F _ o Z g b q _ k d b c m ^ Z j
h ^ b g h q g h ] h ^ _ c k l \ b y
150 g
f g h ] h d j Z l g h ] h ^ _ c k l \ b y
40 g
H l g h k b l _ e v g Z y \ e Z ` g h k l v
98%
i j b +35
o
C
J Z [ h q Z y l _ f i _ j Z l m j Z k j _ ^ u
,
o
C
< u [ b j Z _ l k y
b a j y ^ Z
:
i h g b ` _ g g Z y
0; -10; -20; -40;
-50; -60
i h \ u r _ g g Z y
+50; +60; +70
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o
C
i h g b ` _ g g Z y
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= _ j f _ l b a Z p b y
= _ g _ j Z l h j
] _ j f _ l b a b j h \ Z g
G h f b g Z e v g u _
q Z k l h l u
, F = p
4,096; 4,9152; 5,0; 5,115;
5,120; 5,184; 6,0; 6,4; 6,5;
7,2; 8,0; 8,192; 9,8304;
10,0; 10,23; 10,24;
10,368; 13,0; 16,384; 20,0
> b Z i Z a h g q Z k l h l
, F=p
4,0...10,0
10,0...21,0
D j Z l d h \ j _ f _ g g Z y
g _ k l Z [ b e v g h k l v
q Z k l h l u
( ^ _ \ b Z p b y
: e e Z g Z ) a Z 1 k
< 5x10
-12
;
< 1x10
-11
< 1x10
-11
;
< 2,5x10
-11
K i _ d l j Z e v g Z y
i e h l g h k l v f h s g h k l b
n Z a h \ u o r m f h \ i j b
h l k l j h c d _
, ^ ; = p
1 = p
< -95
< -85
10 = p
< -120
< -115
100 = p
< -140
< -135
1000 = p
< -150
< -140
10000 = p
< -155
< -145
* L j _ [ m _ l k i _ p b Z e v g h ] h k h ] e Z k h \ Z g b y ^ e y
d h g d j _ l g u o q Z k l h l
< Z j b Z g l u
> h e ] h \ j _ f _ g g Z y
g _ k l Z [ b e v g h k l v q Z k l h l u ,
x10
-7
1*
2
3
4
a Z 25000 q g Z j Z [ h l d b
1,5
2,5
4,0
5,0
a Z i _ j \ u c ] h ^ g Z j Z [ h l d b
0,5
1,0
1,75
2,0
aZ 20 e_l (kjhd k hojZgy_f hklb
)
1,5
2,5
4,0
5,0
a Z i _ j \ u c ] h ^ o j Z g _ g b y
0,5
1,0
2,0
3,0
* I h ^ Z g g h f m \ Z j b Z g l m l j _ [ m _ l k y k i _ p b Z e v g h _ k h ] e Z k h \ Z g b _
A Z d Z a q b d Z b b a ] h l h \ b l _ e y
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