1MHz, 45

A, CMOS, Rail-to-Rail

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

FEATURES

LOW I

: 45

A typical

LOW COST

RAIL-TO-RAIL INPUT AND OUTPUT

SINGLE SUPPLY: +2.1V to +5.5V

INPUT BIAS CURRENT:

0.5pA

Micro

SIZE PACKAGES:

SC70-5, SOT23-8 and

TSSOP-14

HIGH SPEED:POWER WITH BANDWIDTH: 1MHz

APPLICATIONS

PORTABLE EQUIPMENT

BATTERY-POWERED EQUIPMENT

SMOKE ALARMS

CO DETECTORS

MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION

DESCRIPTION

The OPA348 series amplifiers are single supply, low-power,
CMOS op amps in micro packaging. Featuring an extended
bandwidth of 1MHz, and a supply current of 45

A, the

OPA348 series is useful for low-power applications on single
supplies of 2.1V to 5.5V.

Low supply current of 45

A, and an input bias current of

0.5pA, make the OPA348 series an optimal candidate for
low-power, high-impedance applications such as smoke de-
tectors and other sensors.

The OPA348 is available in the miniature SC70-5,
SOT23-5 and SO-8 packages. The OPA2348 is available in
SOT23-8 and SO-8 packages, and the OPA4348 is offered
in space-saving TSSOP-14 and SO-14 packages. The ex-
tended temperature range of 40

C to +125

C over all supply

voltages offers additional design flexibility.

OPA348

OPA2348
OPA4348

SBOS213C NOVEMBER 2001 REVISED MAY 2002

www.ti.com

PRODUCTION DATA information is current as of publication date.
Products conform to specifications per the terms of Texas Instruments
standard warranty. Production processing does not necessarily include
testing of all parameters.

Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications of
Texas Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet.

OPA348

OPA3

OPA2

348

OPA4

348

PACKAGES

OPA348

OPA2348

OPA4348

SOT23-5

SOT23-8

SO-8

TSSOP-14

SO-14

SC70-5

V+

Out

+In

OPA348

SOT23-5

V+

Out

+In

OPA348

SO-8

V+

Out B

In B

+In B

Out A

In A

+In A

OPA2348

SOT23-8, SO-8

Out D

In D

+In D

+In C

In C

Out C

Out A

In A

+In A

V+

+In B

In B

Out B

OPA4348

TSSOP-14, SO-14

V+

Out

+In

OPA348

SC70-5

OPA348, 2348, 4348

SBOS213C

www.ti.com

Supply Voltage, V to V+ ................................................................... 7.5V
Signal Input Terminals, Voltage

(2)

.................. (V) 0.5V to (V+) + 0.5V

Current

(2)

.................................................... 10mA

Output Short-Circuit

(3)

.............................................................. Continuous

Operating Temperature .................................................. 65

C to +150

Storage Temperature ..................................................... 65

C to +150

Junction Temperature ...................................................................... 150

Lead Temperature (soldering, 10s) ................................................. 300

NOTES: (1) Stresses above these ratings may cause permanent damage.
Exposure to absolute maximum conditions for extended periods may
degrade device reliability. These are stress ratings only. Functional opera-
tion of the device at these conditions, or beyond the specified operating
conditions, is not implied. (2) Input terminals are diode-clamped to the
power-supply rails. Input signals that can swing more than 0.5V beyond the
supply rails should be current-limited to 10mA or less. (3) Short-circuit to
ground, one amplifier per package.

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS

(1)

ELECTROSTATIC
DISCHARGE SENSITIVITY

This integrated circuit can be damaged by ESD. Texas Instru-
ments recommends that all integrated circuits be handled with
appropriate precautions. Failure to observe proper handling
and installation procedures can cause damage.

ESD damage can range from subtle performance degrada-
tion to complete device failure. Precision integrated circuits
may be more susceptible to damage because very small
parametric changes could cause the device not to meet its
published specifications.

PACKAGE/ORDERING INFORMATION

SPECIFIED

PACKAGE

TEMPERATURE

PACKAGE

ORDERING

TRANSPORT

PRODUCT

PACKAGE-LEAD

DESIGNATOR

(1)

RANGE

MARKING

NUMBER

(2)

MEDIA, QUANTITY

Single

OPA348AI

SOT23-5

DBV

C to +125

A48

OPA348AIDBVT

Tape and Reel, 250

OPA348AIDBVR

Tape and Reel, 3000

OPA348AI

SO-8

C to +125

348A

OPA348AID

Tubes, 100

OPA348AIDR

Tape and Reel, 2500

OPA348AI

SC70-5

DCK

C to 125

S48

OPA348AIDCKT

Tape and Reel, 250

OPA348AIDCKR

Tape and Reel, 3000

Dual

OPA2348AI

SOT23-8

DCN

C to +125

B48

OPA2348AIDCNT

Tape and Reel, 250

OPA2348AIDCNR

Tape and Reel, 3000

OPA2348AI

SO-8

C to +125

2348A

OPA2348AID

Tubes, 100

OPA2348AIDR

Tape and Reel, 2500

Quad

OPA4348AI

SO-14

C to +125

OPA4348

OPA4348AID

Tubes, 58

OPA4348AIDR

Tape and Reel, 2500

OPA4348AI

TSSOP-14

C to +125

4348A

OPA4348AIPWT

Tubes, 250

OPA4348AIPWR

Tape and Reel, 2500

NOTES: (1) For the most current specifications and package information, refer to our web site at www.ti.com. (2) Models labeled with "T" indicate smaller quantity
tape and reel, "R" indicates large quantity tape and reel and "D" indicates tubes of specified quantity.

OPA348, 2348, 4348

SBOS213C

www.ti.com

OPA348

OPA2348
OPA4348

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS: V

= 2.5V to 5.5V

Boldface limits apply over the specified temperature range, T

= 40

C to +125

At T

= +25

C, R

= 100k

connected to V

/ 2 and V

OUT

= V

/ 2, unless otherwise noted.

PARAMETER

CONDITION

MIN

TYP

MAX

UNITS

OFFSET VOLTAGE
Input Offset Voltage

= 5V, V

= (V) + 0.8V

Over Temperature

Drift

/dT

vs Power Supply

PSRR

= 2.5V to 5.5V, V

< (V+) 1.7V

175

V/V

Over Temperature

= 2.5V to 5.5V, V

< (V+) 1.7V

300

V/V

Channel Separation, dc

0.2

V/V

f = 1kHz

134

INPUT VOLTAGE RANGE
Common-Mode Voltage Range

(V) 0.2

(V+) + 0.2

Common-Mode Rejection Ratio

CMRR

(V) 0.2V < V

< (V+) 1.7V

over Temperature

(V) < V

< (V+) 1.7V

= 5.5V, (V) 0.2V < V

< (V+) + 0.2V

over Temperature

= 5.5V, (V) < V

< (V+)

INPUT BIAS CURRENT
Input Bias Current

0.5

Input Offset Current

0.5

INPUT IMPEDANCE
Differential

|| 3

|| pF

Common-Mode

|| 6

|| pF

NOISE

< (V+) 1.7V

Input Voltage Noise, f = 0.1Hz to 10Hz

Vp-p

Input Voltage Noise Density, f = 1kHz

nV/

Input Current Noise Density, f = 1kHz

fA/

OPEN-LOOP GAIN
Open-Loop Voltage Gain

= 5V, R

= 100k

, 0.025V < V

< 4.975V

108

over Temperature

= 5V, R

= 100k

, 0.025V < V

< 4.975V

= 5V, R

= 5k

, 0.125V < V

< 4.875V

over Temperature

= 5V, R

= 5k

, 0.125V < V

< 4.875V

OUTPUT
Voltage Output Swing from Rail

= 100k

, A

> 94dB

over Temperature

= 100k

, A

> 90dB

= 5k

, A

> 90dB

100

125

over Temperature

= 5k

, A

> 88dB

125

Short-Circuit Current

Capacitive Load Drive

LOAD

See Typical Characteristics

FREQUENCY RESPONSE

= 100pF

Gain-Bandwidth Product

GBW

MHz

Slew Rate

G = +1

0.5

Settling Time, 0.1%

= 5.5V, 2V Step, G = +1

0.01%

= 5.5V, 2V Step, G = +1

Overload Recovery Time

· Gain > V

1.6

Total Harmonic Distortion + Noise

THD+N

= 5.5V, V

= 3Vp-p, G = +1, f = 1kHz

0.0023

POWER SUPPLY
Specified Voltage Range

2.5

5.5

Minimum Operating Voltage

2.1 to 5.5

Quiescent Current (per amplifier)

= 0

over Temperature

TEMPERATURE RANGE
Specified Range

125

Operating Range

150

Storage Range

150

Thermal Resistance

SOT23-5 Surface-Mount

200

C/W

SOT23-8 Surface-Mount

150

C/W

MSOP-8 Surface-Mount

150

C/W

SO-8 Surface-Mount

150

C/W

SO-14 Surface-Mount

100

C/W

TSSOP-14 Surface-Mount

100

C/W

SC70-5 Surface-Mount

250

C/W

OPA348, 2348, 4348

SBOS213C

www.ti.com

TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS

At T

= +25

C, R

= 100k

connected to V

/ 2 and V

OUT

= V

/ 2, unless otherwise noted.

PSRR AND CMRR vs FREQUENCY

PSRR, CMRR (dB)

Frequency (Hz)

100

10k

100k

10M

100

PSRR

CMRR

MAXIMUM OUTPUT VOLTAGE vs FREQUENCY

Output Voltage (Vp-p)

Frequency (Hz)

10k

100k

10M

= 5.5V

= 5V

= 2.5V

CHANNEL SEPARATION vs FREQUENCY

Channel Separation (dB)

Frequency (Hz)

100

10k

100k

10M

140

120

100

OUTPUT VOLTAGE SWING vs OUTPUT CURRENT

Output Voltage Swing (V)

Output Current (mA)

+125

+25

2.5V

+25

2.5

1.5

0.5

1.5

2.5

Sourcing Current

Sinking Current

OPEN-LOOP GAIN AND PHASE vs FREQUENCY

0.1

Open-Loop Gain (dB)

135

180

Phase (

)

Frequency (Hz)

100

10k

100k

10M

140

120

100

Gain

Phase

QUIESCENT AND SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT

vs SUPPLY VOLTAGE

Quiescent Current (

Short-Circuit Current (mA)

Supply Voltage (V)

2.5

3.5

4.5

5.5

OPA348, 2348, 4348

SBOS213C

www.ti.com

TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS

(Cont.)

At T

= +25

C, R

= 100k

connected to V

/ 2 and V

OUT

= V

/ 2, unless otherwise noted.

OPEN-LOOP GAIN AND PSRR vs TEMPERATURE

Open-Loop Gain and

Power Supply Rejection (dB)

Temperature (

100

125

150

130

120

110

100

, R

= 100k

, R

= 5k

PSRR

OFFSET VOLTAGE DRIFT MAGNITUDE

PRODUCTION DISTRIBUTION

Percentage of Amplifiers (%)

Offset Voltage Drift (

Typical production

distribution of

packaged units.

COMMON-MODE REJECTION vs TEMPERATURE

Common-Mode Rejection (dB)

Temperature (

100

125

150

100

V < V

< (V+) 1.7V

V < V

< V+

QUIESCENT AND SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT

vs TEMPERATURE

Quiescent Current (

Temperature (

Short-Circuit Current (mA)

100

125

150

INPUT BIAS (I

) CURRENT vs TEMPERATURE

Input Bias Current (pA)

10k

100

0.1

Temperature (

100

125

150

OFFSET VOLTAGE PRODUCTION DISTRIBUTION

Offset Voltage (mV)

Percent of Amplifiers (%)

Typical production

distribution of

packaged units.

OPA348, 2348, 4348

SBOS213C

www.ti.com

TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS

(Cont.)

At T

= +25

C, R

= 100k

connected to V

/ 2 and V

OUT

= V

/ 2, unless otherwise noted.

SMALL-SIGNAL OVERSHOOT

vs LOAD CAPACITANCE

Small-Signal Overshoot (%)

Load Capacitance (pF)

100

10k

G = +1V/V, R

= 100k

G = 1V/V, R

= 5k

G = 1V/V, R

= 100k

PERCENT OVERSHOOT vs LOAD CAPACITANCE

Overshoot (%)

Load Capacitance (pF)

100

10k

G =

5V/V, R

= 100k

SMALL-SIGNAL STEP RESPONSE

G = +1V/V, R

= 100k

, C

= 100pF

20mV/div

s/div

LARGE-SIGNAL STEP RESPONSE

G = +1V/V, R

= 100k

, C

= 100pF

500mV/div

s/div

INPUT CURRENT AND VOLTAGE NOISE

SPECTRAL DENSITY vs FREQUENCY

Voltage Noise (nV/

Hz)

Current Noise (fA

Hz)

Frequency (Hz)

100

10k

100k

10k

100

TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION + NOISE

vs FREQUENCY

Total Harmonic Distortion + Noise (%)

Frequency (Hz)

100

10k

100k

1.000

0.100

0.010

0.001

OPA348, 2348, 4348

SBOS213C

www.ti.com

FIGURE 3. OPA348--No Phase Inversion with Inputs Greater

than the Power-Supply Voltage.

APPLICATIONS INFORMATION

OPA348 series op amps are unity-gain stable and suitable
for a wide range of general-purpose applications.

The OPA348 series features wide bandwidth and unity-gain
stability with rail-to-rail input and output for increased dynamic
range. Figure 1 shows the input and output waveforms for the
OPA348 in unity-gain configuration. Operation is from a single
+5V supply with a 100k

load connected to V

/2. The input is

a 5Vp-p sinusoid. Output voltage is approximately 4.98Vp-p.

Power-supply pins should be bypassed with 0.01

F ceramic

capacitors.

on the high end. Within the 200mV transition region PSRR,
CMRR, offset voltage, offset drift, and THD may be degraded
compared to operation outside this region.

FIGURE 1. The OPA348 Features Rail-to-Rail Input/Output.

1V/div

G = +1V/V, V

= +5V

s/div

Output (Inverted on Scope)

OPERATING VOLTAGE

OPA348 series op amps are fully specified and tested from
+2.5V to +5.5V. However, supply voltage may range from
+2.1V to +5.5V. Parameters are tested over the specified
supply range--a unique feature of the OPA348 series. In
addition, all temperature specifications apply from 40

C to

+125

C. Most behavior remains virtually unchanged through-

out the full operating voltage range. Parameters that vary
significantly with operating voltages or temperature are shown
in the Typical Characteristics.

COMMON-MODE VOLTAGE RANGE

The input common-mode voltage range of the OPA348 series
extends 200mV beyond the supply rails. This is achieved
with a complementary input stage--an N-channel input differ-
ential pair in parallel with a P-channel differential pair. The
N-channel pair is active for input voltages close to the positive
rail, typically (V+) 1.2V to 300mV above the positive supply,
while the P-channel pair is on for inputs from 300mV below the
negative supply to approximately (V+) 1.4V. There is a small
transition region, typically (V+) 1.4V to (V+) 1.2V, in which
both pairs are on. This 200mV transition region, shown in
Figure 2, can vary

300mV with process variation. Thus, the

transition region (both stages on) can range from (V+) 1.7V
to (V+) 1.5V on the low end, up to (V+) 1.1V to (V+) 0.9V

RAIL-TO-RAIL INPUT

The input common-mode range extends from (V) 0.2V to
(V+) + 0.2V. For normal operation, inputs should be limited to
this range. The absolute maximum input voltage is 500mV
beyond the supplies. Inputs greater than the input common-
mode range but less than the maximum input voltage, while not
valid, will not cause any damage to the op amp. Unlike some
other op amps, if input current is limited the inputs may go
beyond the power supplies without phase inversion, as shown
in Figure 3.

1V/div

G = +1V/V, V

= +5V

s/div

OUT

0.5

Offset Voltage (mV)

Common-Mode Voltage (V)

OFFSET VOLTAGE

vs FULL COMMON-MODE VOLTAGE RANGE

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

4.5

5.5

1.5

0.5

1.5

V+

FIGURE 2. Behavior of Typical Transition Region at Room

Temperature.

OPA348, 2348, 4348

SBOS213C

www.ti.com

In unity-gain inverter configuration, phase margin can be
reduced by the reaction between the capacitance at the op
amp input, and the gain setting resistors, thus degrading
capacitive load drive. Best performance is achieved by using
small valued resistors. For example, when driving a 500pF
load, reducing the resistor values from 100k

to 5k

de-

creases overshoot from 55% to 13% (see the typical charac-
teristic "Small-Signal Overshoot vs. Load Capacitance").
However, when large valued resistors cannot be avoided, a
small (4pF to 6pF) capacitor, C

, can be inserted in the

feedback, as shown in Figure 6. This significantly reduces
overshoot by compensating the effect of capacitance, C

which includes the amplifier's input capacitance and PC
board parasitic capacitance.

FIGURE 6. Improving Capacitive Load Drive.

Normally, input currents are 0.5pA. However, large inputs
(greater than 500mV beyond the supply rails) can cause
excessive current to flow in or out of the input pins. There-
fore, as well as keeping the input voltage below the maxi-
mum rating, it is also important to limit the input current to
less than 10mA. This is easily accomplished with an input
voltage resistor, as shown in Figure 4.

OPA348

OUT

FIGURE 4. Input Current Protection for Voltages Exceeding

the Supply Voltage.

OPA348

10mA max

+5V

OUT

OVERLOAD

RAIL-TO-RAIL OUTPUT

A class AB output stage with common-source transistors is
used to achieve rail-to-rail output. This output stage is ca-
pable of driving 5k

loads connected to any potential be-

tween V+ and ground. For light resistive loads (> 100k

), the

output voltage can typically swing to within 18mV from supply
rail. With moderate resistive loads (10k

to 50k

), the output

voltage can typically swing to within 100mV of the supply
rails while maintaining high open-loop gain (see the typical
characteristic "Output Voltage Swing vs Output Current").

CAPACITIVE LOAD AND STABILITY

The OPA348 in a unity-gain configuration can directly drive
up to 250pF pure capacitive load. Increasing the gain en-
hances the amplifier's ability to drive greater capacitive loads
(see the typical characteristic "Small-Signal Overshoot vs
Capacitive Load"). In unity-gain configurations, capacitive
load drive can be improved by inserting a small (10

to 20

)

resistor, R

, in series with the output, as shown in Figure 5.

This significantly reduces ringing while maintaining DC per-
formance for purely capacitive loads. However, if there is a
resistive load in parallel with the capacitive load, a voltage
divider is created, introducing a Direct Current (DC) error at
the output and slightly reducing the output swing. The error
introduced is proportional to the ratio R

/ R

, and is generally

negligible.

FIGURE 5. Series Resistor in Unity-Gain Buffer Configura-

tion Improves Capacitive Load Drive.

OPA348

V+

OUT

DRIVING A/D CONVERTERS

The OPA348 series op amps are optimized for driving
medium-speed sampling Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs).
The OPA348 op amps buffer the ADCs input capacitance
and resulting charge injection while providing signal gain.

The OPA348 in a basic noninverting configuration driving the
ADS7822, see Figure 7. The ADS7822 is a 12-bit,
microPOWER sampling converter in the MSOP-8 package.
When used with the low-power, miniature packages of the
OPA348, the combination is ideal for space-limited, low-
power applications. In this configuration, an RC network at
the ADC's input can be used to provide for anti-aliasing filter
and charge injection current.

The OPA348 in noninverting configuration driving ADS7822
limited, low-power applications. In this configuration, an RC
network at the ADC's input can be used to provide for anti-
aliasing filter and charge injection current. See Figure 8 for
the OPA2348 driving an ADS7822 in a speech bandpass
filtered data acquisition system. This small, low-cost solution
provides the necessary amplification and signal conditioning
to interface directly with an electret microphone. This circuit
will operate with V

= 2.7V to 5V with less than 250

A typical

quiescent current.

OPA348, 2348, 4348

SBOS213C

www.ti.com

FIGURE 8. OPA2348 as a Speech Bandpass Filtered Data Acquisition System.

FIGURE 7. OPA348 in Noninverting Configuration Driving ADS7822.

ADS7822

12-Bit A/D

DCLOCK

OUT

CS/SHDN

OPA348

+5V

V+

+In

REF

GND

Serial

Interface

0.1

NOTE: A/D Input = 0 to V

REF

= 0V to 5V for

0V to 5V output.

RC network filters high frequency noise.

500

3300pF

33pF

V+

GND

+IN

DCLOCK

Serial
Interface

1000pF

1.5k

20k

100k

150k

510k

51k

OUT

REF

V+ = +2.7V to 5V

CS/SHDN

1000pF

Electret

Microphone

(1)

G = 100

Passband 300Hz to 3kHz

NOTE: (1) Electret microphone
powered by R

ADS7822

12-Bit A/D

1/2

OPA2348

1/2

OPA2348

OPA348, 2348, 4348

SBOS213C

www.ti.com

PACKAGE DRAWINGS (Cont.)

MSOI002B JANUARY 1995 REVISED SEPTEMBER 2001

D (R-PDSO-G**)

PLASTIC SMALL-OUTLINE PACKAGE

8 PINS SHOWN

0.197

(5,00)

A MAX

A MIN

(4,80)

0.189

0.337

(8,55)

(8,75)

0.344

0.386

(9,80)

(10,00)

0.394

DIM

PINS **

4040047/E 09/01

0.069 (1,75) MAX

Seating Plane

0.004 (0,10)

0.010 (0,25)

0.016 (0,40)

0.044 (1,12)

0.244 (6,20)

0.228 (5,80)

0.020 (0,51)

0.014 (0,35)

0.150 (3,81)

0.157 (4,00)

0.008 (0,20) NOM

 8

Gage Plane

0.004 (0,10)

0.010 (0,25)

0.050 (1,27)

NOTES: A. All linear dimensions are in inches (millimeters).

B. This drawing is subject to change without notice.

C. Body dimensions do not include mold flash or protrusion, not to exceed 0.006 (0,15).
D. Falls within JEDEC MS-012

PACKAGING INFORMATION

ORDERABLE DEVICE

STATUS(1)

PACKAGE TYPE

PACKAGE DRAWING

PINS

PACKAGE QTY

OPA2348AID

ACTIVE

SOIC

100

OPA2348AIDCNR

ACTIVE

SSOP

DCN

3000

OPA2348AIDCNT

ACTIVE

SSOP

DCN

250

OPA2348AIDR

ACTIVE

SOIC

2500

OPA348AID

ACTIVE

SOIC

100

OPA348AIDBVR

ACTIVE

SOP

DBV

3000

OPA348AIDBVT

ACTIVE

SOP

DBV

250

OPA348AIDCKR

ACTIVE

SOP

DCK

3000

OPA348AIDCKT

ACTIVE

SOP

DCK

250

OPA348AIDR

ACTIVE

SOIC

2500

OPA4348AID

ACTIVE

SOIC

OPA4348AIDR

ACTIVE

SOIC

2500

OPA4348AIPWR

ACTIVE

TSSOP

2500

OPA4348AIPWT

ACTIVE

TSSOP

250

(1) The marketing status values are defined as follows:
ACTIVE: Product device recommended for new designs.
LIFEBUY: TI has announced that the device will be discontinued, and a lifetime-buy period is in effect.
NRND: Not recommended for new designs. Device is in production to support existing customers, but TI does not recommend using this part in
a new design.
PREVIEW: Device has been announced but is not in production. Samples may or may not be available.
OBSOLETE: TI has discontinued the production of the device.

PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM

www.ti.com

3-Oct-2003

IMPORTANT NOTICE

Texas Instruments Incorporated and its subsidiaries (TI) reserve the right to make corrections, modifications,
enhancements, improvements, and other changes to its products and services at any time and to discontinue
any product or service without notice. Customers should obtain the latest relevant information before placing
orders and should verify that such information is current and complete. All products are sold subject to TI's terms
and conditions of sale supplied at the time of order acknowledgment.

TI warrants performance of its hardware products to the specifications applicable at the time of sale in
accordance with TI's standard warranty. Testing and other quality control techniques are used to the extent TI
deems necessary to support this warranty. Except where mandated by government requirements, testing of all
parameters of each product is not necessarily performed.

TI assumes no liability for applications assistance or customer product design. Customers are responsible for
their products and applications using TI components. To minimize the risks associated with customer products
and applications, customers should provide adequate design and operating safeguards.

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